环境运动,是美国最成功的现代社会运动之一。作为一种社会参与方式,环境运动的参与方式、参与主体及参与程度等内容会影响环境治理的内容、方式及治理成效。美国环境运动与环境治理变化的历史可以分为三个阶段,环境运动呈现出从精英参与到大众参与和政社合作的转变,将大众社会运动与利益集团政治融合的特点,从而推动了环境保护中政府管理体系的建立健全,呈现了治理方式从行政主导到多元参与,以及治理内容从资源保护的单一主题到污染防治、环境正义等多主题综合的特点。环境保护是国家在经济发展与人民福祉之间的平衡,具有长期性的特点。从美国的历史来看,来自民众和环境组织的努力,可以有效制衡市场,补充政府的治理力量,中国的环境监管同样可以利用民众的力量,推动环境治理转型,从而提升环境治理的效益。

Environmental movement is one of the most successful modern social movements in the United States. As a way of social participation, the participants and the level of participation in environmental movements will affect the content, methods and governance effectiveness of environmental governance. The history of environmental movement and environmental governance in the United States can be divided into three stages. American environmental movement witnessed the transformation from elite participation to mass participation and government-society cooperation, and the integration of the mass social movement and interest group politics, thus promoting the establishment of a sound government management system in environmental protection, which presents the characteristics of governance from executive-led to multi-participation, as well as governance topics ranging from a single theme of resource conservation to pollution prevention and environmental justice and so on. As a long-term process, the environmental protection is the balance between economic development and people’s well-being. From the history of the United States, efforts from the people and environmental organizations can effectively balance the market and supplement the government’s governance. China’s environmental regulation can also employ the people’s power to promote environmental governance transformation, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of environmental governance.