Since the birth of AI, a worry anchored in the minds of some scholars and the public is that the danger of AI to human beings will increase with its ability development and application expansion. However, it is often overlooked that the core of intelligence is consciousness and the root of the danger of AI to human beings lies in whether it has consciousness, especially whether it has humanoid or even superhuman consciousness, or whether its ability and application are out of this kind of AI consciousness. As contemporary AI consciousness research is trapped in an “explanation gap” and “difficult question” because of using the subjective experience meaning of consciousness concept and indulging in studying the objective experience dimension of consciousness concept, it cannot answer the above questions.
Based on Hegel's philosophy, this paper investigates the possibility of AI cognitive consciousness, including cognitive consciousness of AI in DeepSeek type, criticizes the limitation of AI cognitive consciousness, including cognitive consciousness of AI in DeepSeek type, explores the speculative nature of human cognitive consciousness, and finally proves that AI cognitive consciousness, including cognitive consciousness of AI in DeepSeek type, cannot become human cognitive consciousness, nor is it as dangerous as AI threat theory claims.
The possibility of AI cognitive consciousness is mainly guaranteed by artificial perceptual ability and machine learning paradigm, so it shows the limitations of perceptual knowledge foundation and mathematical knowledge process. These limitations make the cognitive consciousness of AI to be obsessed with certainty, identity, and perceptual directness, and to be lacked of negativity, unity, and essence.
The essence of human cognitive consciousness is speculative thinking, that is, it develops into a process of specific negation and concrete unity through the dialectical movement of consciousness, and it includes two aspects of cognition and practice, which have outstanding performance in the movement of the duality of human consciousness and the establishment of human subjectivity. Therefore, as the subject of speculative thinking, human being is a self with “real conscience”, and his cognitive consciousness is the result of specific negation and concrete unity among himself, the other, and the world, which contains not only the objective content of truth but also the objective system of norm and obligation. Subjective knowledge is consistent with the objective content and system. This is the patent of human subject and human cognitive consciousness and the barrier of AI and its cognitive consciousness.
Compared with existing research on AI consciousness, the innovations of this paper are as follows: limiting the cognitive meaning of consciousness, supplementing the metaphysical dimension of consciousness, adhering to dialectical monism, investigating the dialectical movement of consciousness, and clarifying the limitation of AI consciousness, that is, the essence of human consciousness that cannot be simulated by computer system, thus doing a good job in philosophical construction for the premise and base of risk and governance as well as challenge and regulation of AI in legal and moral fields.

In recent years, the heavy academic workload of primary and secondary school students in China has drawn widespread societal attention. To address the issue of students' heavy workload in primary and secondary education comprehensively and systematically, China has introduced the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Out-of-School Training for Students in Compulsory Education (hereinafter referred to as the “Double Reduction” policy). The “Double Reduction” policy is a strategic initiative of the Party and the state in the new era for building a great modern socialist country, which is of significant importance for alleviating the burden on students, guiding their healthy growth, and promoting the high-quality development of basic education. However, the current implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy faces challenges such as suboptimal outcomes and social controversies. There are still disagreements in areas such as alleviating parents' educational anxiety, improving students' learning quality, increasing teachers' workload, and strictly regulating off-campus training institutions. How to further improve the “Double Reduction” policy is an urgent requirement at present.
This paper systematically analyzes the “Double Reduction” policy using the theory of responsive government as an analytical framework and explores the issues and mechanism reconstruction of the “Double Reduction” policy from the perspective of a responsive government, providing a new perspective for understanding and solving the problems in the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy. This study believes that the core value of the “Double Reduction” policy is to “return to the essence and reduce burdens while improving quality”. The “Double Reduction” policy plays an important role in eliminating utilitarian and short-sighted behaviors in education, correcting the inversion of education between schools and after-school training institutions, alleviating parents' educational anxiety, and correcting the excessive market behavior of “shadow education”. However, when examining the “Double Reduction” policy from the perspective of a responsive government, it is found that the policy has encountered issues such as rigid and mechanical implementation, creating new educational inequalities, causing chaos in the order of school education, and losing the function of collaborative burden reduction, forming the so-called “Pareto ineffective” policy phenomenon. This study argues that the main reason for these problems with the “Double Reduction” policy is the insufficient construction of a responsive government, and the lack of a policy mechanism constructed from the perspective of responsive government construction, which has led to government policies that do not adequately respond to societal concerns or are not sufficiently concerned about society. Therefore, this study proposes to take the theory of a “responsive” government as the guidance to build a responsive government from the perspective of reshaping concepts, building mechanisms, strengthening supply, and promoting participation, comprehensively achieving the “process reengineering” of the “Double Reduction” policy. This is to promote the “Double Reduction” policy to continuously and effectively respond to the needs of the public, ensuring the effectiveness of the “Double Reduction” policy. This paper reveals the value and problems of the “Double Reduction” policy from the perspective of a “responsive” government and effectively solves the current problems of poor implementation and social controversy of the “Double Reduction” policy. This is of great practical significance for strengthening the initiative and responsibility of the government, creating a responsive government, satisfying the public's aspirations for a “good life” in education, and implementing the purpose of “serving the people”.

Large generative AI models (LGAIMs), exemplified by ChatGPT, have not only brought tremendous changes to human social life but also become deeply integrated into the modern social governance system, continuously driving the evolution of government structures and the innovation of governance models. While the original intention and essence of embedding LGAIMs into social governance is to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) technology to safeguard public interests and pursue public values, these technologies inevitably cause new risks and challenges in practice. Existing literature has explored the risk patterns and governance pathways associated with the embedding of LGAIMs in social governance, focusing on the conflict between political values and instrumental values, as well as the balance between public authority and algorithmic power. However, the interactive relationship between LGAIMs, government organizational structures, and social governance orders has not been explored in depth. Furthermore, there has not been a precise analysis of the risk patterns and regulatory pathways, considering the typical empowerment scenarios of LGAIMs.
Drawing on the inter-construction theory of technology and organization, as well as technology and society, this study delves in the empowerment scenarios, risk patterns, and regulatory pathways of LGAIMs embedded into social governance. First, LGAIMs contribute to the construction of algorithmic decision-making systems in social governance, facilitating the shift from bureaucratic decision-making driven by human emotions to algorithmic rationality. However, this transformation faces challenges related to moral and responsibility judgments, necessitating a technology-for-good approach to guide the development of algorithmic decision-making models and intelligent systems in governance. Second, LGAIMs break the “information isolated island” phenomenon that often arises in traditional social governance, enabling effective cross-departmental and cross-level human-computer collaboration. Nonetheless, there is a risk of technological alienation, which makes it essential to ensure the primacy of human agency in social governance activities. Third, LGAIMs enable the scientific calculation of public service demands and accurate identification of social governance contradictions, advancing the precise matching of “supply and demand” in social governance. Nevertheless, this can also lead to the risk of social stereotyping and bias, making it essential to adhere to public value principles of fairness, justice, democracy, and equality. Fourth, LGAIMs support the construction of smart social governance scenarios characterized by virtual-physical symbiosis and human-computer interaction; however, there is a risk of undermining citizens' rights, necessitating the establishment of a multi-agent collaborative governance model focused on safeguarding civil rights.
This study expands the theoretical framework in two aspects. First, this study, based on the inter-construction theory of technology and organization, as well as technology and society, profoundly reveals the operational patterns of embedding LGAIMs into social governance. In particular, this study proposes a technology-for-good approach and a collaborative governance model to balance the conflict between political values and instrumental values during the inter-construction process between technology and organization. Similarly, this study advocates for humanistic principles and public value objectives to balance the tension between public authority and algorithmic power in the inter-construction of technology and society. Second, this study highlights key social governance scenarios, examining the empowerment effects, risk patterns, and regulatory pathways arising from the integration of LGAIMs. It further advances the contextualized study of embedding LGAIMs with social governance. This study provides policy recommendations for government agencies seeking to deploy LGAIMs in decision-making, strengthen interdepartmental collaboration, analyze and address governance contradictions, and optimize service provision. These recommendations include the formulation of target value orientations, the establishment of a risk regulatory framework, the development of an ethical system, and the promotion of a collaborative governance model.

With the vigorous development of platforms and digital economies, Internet platforms have not only brought vitality to the economy but also posed serious challenges to the legal system, among which the issue of platform-based price discrimination is particularly the focus of the dispute. Existing discussions on platform price discrimination have focused heavily on data and algorithmic, neglecting the differences in pricing power allocation and the diversity of charging types in different transaction types within the platform as a two-sided market. This leads to an inability to answer in practice who the subjects implementing price discrimination are, the similarities and differences in price discrimination across different businesses, the impact of cross-network effects in different businesses on the effectiveness of price discrimination, and whether antitrust law should take a unitary or pluralistic adjustment path for price discrimination.
In the context of platform pricing practices, a precise understanding of platform-based price discrimination necessitates a clear categorization of platform businesses into five distinct types: information aggregation, online advertising, transaction matching, intermediary self-operation, and others. Then, this paper identifies corresponding price discrimination behaviors for each category based on specific transactions and fee structures: price discrimination for platform subscriptions/membership fees, price discrimination for advertising fees, price discrimination for commission ratios, price discrimination for product/service fees, and price discrimination for additional charges.
From a legal regulation perspective, the intricate nature of price discrimination practices requires more than mere adjustments for isolated monopolistic actions, as this approach often leads to inadequate oversight. It is essential to analyze various monopolistic behaviors pertinent to antitrust law, including differential treatment, unfair pricing, and predatory pricing, about different pricing types. When assessing these behaviors, the cross-network effects across diverse platform businesses must be evaluated for their overall impact on consumer welfare. This approach aims to ensure a thorough initial assessment of monopolistic conduct while preventing overreach in evaluating the potential harm caused.
In practice, it is necessary to pay close attention to the following behaviors by platforms with market dominance: (1) the potential predatory pricing issues caused by market capture through subsidies or red packets followed by price increases; (2) the potential unfair high pricing issues caused by excessively high commission ratios. Given the complexity of platform price discrimination, the assessment of competitive harm in individual cases should be based on economic analysis, combining the different revenue structures of specific platforms to comprehensively analyze the impact of multiple interconnected businesses on costs, prices, and consumer welfare, avoiding harm inference, and refining and improving the provisions for legitimate reasons to prevent excessive deterrence.

When a third party's intervention in the contractual negotiation process causes damage to others and meets the criteria for imputation, such liability may generally be attributed to either tort liability or culpa in contrahendo (pre-contractual liability). Article 5 of the Judicial Interpretation of the Contract Section of the Civil Code, titled “Third-Party Liability in Contract Formation”, embodies distinct Chinese characteristics. Its purpose is to determine liability for third-party fraud or coercion, both of which constitute tortious acts infringing on personal freedom. This can be justified through two approaches: the third party's infringement of the victim's absolute rights, or intentional violations of others' rights and interests through methods contrary to public morals. A third party's undue influence on contractual negotiations may qualify as a tort. Consequently, even if the victim fails to rescind the contract within the prescriptive period, they may still seek compensation by claiming tort liability against the third party. However, the provision does not address scenarios where a third party negligently facilitates contract formation, particularly through the provision of false information. Chinese laws should establish a comprehensive framework for third-party liability in contractual negotiations, including liability for negligent acts by third parties that lead to damages for one party during contract formation. This applies primarily in cases where the contracting party places special, highly, and justifiable reliance on the third party, such as trust in the third party's integrity, financial capacity, professional expertise, or experience. If a third party negligently provides false information that induces contract formation, and such conduct satisfies the elements of culpa in contrahendo-specifically, if it generates reasonable reliance by the contracting party, materially influences their decision-making, and lacks exculpatory clauses-the third party should bear liability. Theoretically, deriving economic benefit should not be a prerequisite for imposing culpa in contrahendo on a third party, though it may inform the assessment of whether reliance was reasonable. In cases involving gratuitous provision of information, if the third party acted without intent or gross negligence, liability mitigation rules akin to those for “goodwill ride-sharing” may apply by analogy. The existing approach of unifying third-party liability under culpa in contrahendo faces theoretical challenges. Some acts of pre-contractual misconduct that constitute torts could be governed by tort law, while third-party coercion, where no reliance relationship exists, cannot be adequately addressed. Sole reliance on contract and tort mechanisms fails to resolve the complexities of pre-contractual liability. Theoretical innovations are thus needed in two respects: (1) Shifting focus from economic loss to the victim's freedom of volitional formation. Third-party interference in contractual negotiations inherently infringes on absolute rights, albeit with varying degrees of harm. Article 1165 of the Civil Code, which protects “civil rights and interests of others”, should encompass interests beyond absolute rights (e.g., economic interests). This would theoretically allow tort liability to unify third-party liability in contractual contexts. However, this approach must address unresolved questions, such as why victims cannot rescind contracts when third-party negligence facilitates formation, and how to incorporate scenarios involving invalid contracts or mutual material misunderstandings. Second, replacing result-oriented liability frameworks with conduct-oriented analysis. Instead of constructing a unified doctrine of culpa in contrahendo, liability should be determined based on the nature of specific acts and case-specific circumstances, invoking either contract law or tort law as appropriate. By combining the legal effects of both regimes, including compensation for mental distress and expectation interests, the debate over the independence of culpa in contrahendo could be circumvented, ensuring fairer outcomes. This dual approach will harmonize doctrinal coherence with practical flexibility, addressing gaps in current law while advancing a more equitable framework for third-party liability in contractual negotiations.

The hometown of overseas Chinese in the southeast coastal area once played an important role in regional construction as an important field for economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. As a cross-border link, it made an important contribution to national independence and state building. Against the background of backward means of communication, Qiaopi, as the main way for overseas Chinese to connect with their hometown, has cultivated the unique cultural pattern of Qiaopi culture, thus shaping the hometown of overseas Chinese. Existing literature mainly focuses on the operation of Qiaopi business, the content of Qiaopi characters, and the aesthetics of Qiaopi. It pays less attention to the creative transformation and innovative development of Qiaopi culture in the practical sense, especially the lack of in-depth research on the review of Qiaopi culture from the perspective of the construction of modern civilization of the Chinese nation to enable high-quality development of overseas Chinese hometowns.
This paper analyzes how to realize the function extension of Qiaopi as a financial way for overseas Chinese to connect with their hometown relatives. On this basis, it further explains the internal mechanism and possible paths of Qiaopi culture as the endogenous power of grassroots society to enable the high-quality development of overseas Chinese hometowns. Specifically, the process of cross-border population migration shaped the Qiaopi culture with distinctive grassroots, regional, emotional, and practical characteristics. Although Qiaopi has become a thing of the past, the cultural connotation still has strong historical penetration and realistic appeal. Promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of Qiaopi culture can further activate the endogenous cultural power of the high-quality economic, political, cultural, and social development of overseas Chinese hometowns and provide wisdom and experience for the construction of the modern civilization of the Chinese nation.
This paper extends previous literature in the following two aspects. Firstly, based on the era orientation of the construction of the modern civilization of the Chinese nation, through the changes in the era background, the perspective of transnationalism, and the background of the family letter culture, this paper examines the Qiaopi culture and puts forward the possible paths for “two creations” of the Qiaopi culture, giving the Qiaopi culture its epochal nature and appeal. Secondly, it discusses the possibility of modernization of traditional society around Qiaopi. In essence, the Qiaopi culture is derived from the connection mechanism generated by the resilience and wisdom of traditional Chinese grassroots society in the process of population flow. This connection mechanism not only strengthens some properties or characteristics of grassroots society but also promotes the traditional society to be modernized in a way that grassroots people can understand and accept.
This paper reveals the universal significance of Qiaopi culture, which is conducive to a better understanding of the significance and value of rural areas in the process of industrialization and urbanization, the smooth flow of various media connection mechanisms in the population normalization flow, and the cultivation of the sense of the Chinese national community in the process of exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.

In the current field of international communication, China's content supply predominantly focuses on themes of traditional culture, while the representation of contemporary political, economic, and social realities remains notably insufficient. This imbalance in content supply has undermined the multidimensional and complex nature of China's national image. It has failed to meet the international audience's demand for a comprehensive understanding of China's true status and effectively respond to global attention on contemporary issues related to China. Against this backdrop, this paper adopts the perspective of supply-side reform to conduct an in-depth analysis of the limitations of China's international communication content. It further explores how optimizing content supply can enhance the effectiveness of international communication, aiming to construct an authentic, diverse, and credible national image.
Grounded in Marx's theory of the organic unity of production and integrating the core principles of supply-side reform, this paper constructs an analytical framework for international communication content supply, encompassing production, distribution, circulation, and consumption. It employs the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling method to quantitatively analyze the content of accounts on China's influential international communication social media platforms, aiming to uncover the current state and challenges of content supply. Additionally, case-based empirical validation is conducted to confirm further the contemporary deficiencies within the existing international communication content supply system and propose targeted optimization strategies.
The findings reveal that China's international communication content relies excessively on traditional cultural narratives and significantly lacks adequate reflection on contemporary realities. This deficiency is compounded by a lack of depth and emotional engagement, making it challenging to establish empathy with international audiences. Furthermore, limitations exist in the distribution and circulation of content, with strategies often failing to address the specific needs of different regions and audiences. This paper argues that full-chain optimization from production to consumption is critical to resolving these issues. In the production phase, it recommends collaborative participation from diverse stakeholders to ensure the diversity and depth of content, with a particular emphasis on incorporating future-oriented contemporary topics. In the distribution phase, region-specific strategies should be implemented to optimize resource allocation and precisely meet the needs of diverse audience groups. In the circulation phase, the concept of “peaceful communication” is advocated, emphasizing depersonalization and de-labeling to foster an open framework for dialogue and enhance communication efficiency. Finally, in the consumption phase, a series of content products and multi-layered dissemination pathways should guide international audiences progressively from material cultural experiences to the recognition of shared values, thereby achieving a systematic construction of the content ecosystem.
The innovation of this paper lies in its integration of supply-side reform with international communication theories, proposing a full-chain content supply optimization pathway that fills a theoretical gap in research on content production and communication mechanisms. Practically, it offers significant policy implications for enhancing China's international communication effectiveness, providing actionable guidance for optimizing communication content in the framework of initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative. Additionally, this paper offers new perspectives on the issues of cultural recognition and value resonance in a globalized context, contributing not only to improving China's international communication capabilities but also providing a reference for other developing countries seeking to establish effective international communication strategies.

Preschool education, as an important foundation stage and starting point of the national education system, bears the responsibility of realizing the “starting point equity” of education. Although China has provided continuous policy support to the backward areas, the problem of regional inequality of opportunity in preschool education still exists and is increasingly becoming a key issue of social and academic concern in the context of solidly promoting common prosperity.
Taking China's low-income areas as an example, this paper analyzes the inequality of opportunity in China's regional preschool education based on the Human Opportunity Index (HOI). First, the problem of regional inequality of opportunity in preschool education in China is serious, as reflected in the fact that the supply of preschool education resources in low-income areas is still relatively insufficient, and there are obvious gaps in the distribution of opportunities among children from different environmental backgrounds. Second, the environmental factor that contributes most to intra-regional inequality of opportunity is the education level of the parents, followed by household registration and ethnicity. Low-income areas are at a disadvantage in terms of coverage of the opportunities for the overall and disadvantaged groups as well as in terms of the population distribution are at a disadvantage, and all three together contribute to the disparities between regions. Third, inequality of opportunity also exists in the quality of preschool education, which has not yet had the effect of improving children's human capital in low-income areas.
The possible contributions of this paper are as follows. First, focusing on the inequality of educational opportunities caused by regional disparities, this paper assesses the inequality of opportunities in preschool education in low-income areas based on the HOI methodology and discusses the sources of intra- and inter-regional inequality of opportunities. Second, this paper further constructs a linear regression model on this basis to analyze the inequality of opportunities in the quality of preschool education, comprehensively portraying the current situation of preschool education opportunities in low-income areas.
This study reveals that the problem of regional inequality in preschool education in China cannot be ignored, confirms the necessity of various intervention policies and special funds to continue to tilt towards low-income areas, helps clarify the weakness of the current distribution of preschool education opportunities, and points out the focus of future educational assistance.

Based on Chinese practice and highlighting the China-oriented concept, many proposals and debates on the establishment of a “Chinese School” centering on various disciplinary, academic, discourse, and ideological systems have drawn much attention. Scholars of Chinese comparative literature advocated to establishing a “Chinese School” of comparative literature more than half a century ago. However, due to various historical reasons, this disciplinary ideal was criticized as “too hasty”, violating the disciplinary ideal of “international vision” and lacking innovative theories with Chinese characteristics after it was proposed, and did not become a consensus in the academia.
This article reviews the turmoils that the “Chinese School” of comparative literature has experienced since it was advocated, explores Chinese comparative literature scholars' understanding of the antithetic and dialectic relationship between “international vision” and “nationalism”, and evaluates the theoretical innovation of Chinese comparative literature in the 21st century. From these three perspectives, this article re-examines the opportunities and challenges of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature in the new historical context of the unprecedented profound changes in the early 21st century.
Firstly, comparing the past and the present, this article makes a new judgment on the timing of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature in the early 21st century. After decades of hard work after the initiative of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature, and in the era when China greatly encourages theoretical innovation and academic prosperity, it is now the common expectation of the academia to re-propose the establishment of the “Chinese School” of comparative literature that can fully reflect Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. Secondly, by comparing Chinese and foreign scholars, this article finds that Chinese comparative literature scholars do not understand “international vision” and “nationalism” as two incompatible poles of binary opposition as French and American scholars do. While maintaining an international vision, Chinese scholars adhere to the idea of national culture and strive to promote the harmonious coexistence of the two. The concept of “diversity in harmony” can dispel the academia's worry that schools named after countries may impair “international vision”. Finally, this article takes “variation theory” and “imposed interpretation theory” as important evidence to prove that Chinese comparative literature scholars have made prominent achievements in the construction of comparative literature disciplinary theories and provided Chinese wisdom for international comparative literature research. This article concludes that to encourage Chinese comparative literature scholars to make greater contributions to the exchange and mutual learning among heterogeneous civilizations and the construction of cultural confidence in the Chinese nation in the new era, it is not a rehash to reiterate the disciplinary goal of establishing a “Chinese School” of comparative literature today, but a necessary initiative in the new social context.

Against the background of the rapid development of the digital economy, Chinese residents' consumption behavior is deeply affected by both the digital divide and digital dividend, and is increasingly differentiated, with typically skewed distribution. To crack the current problem of consumption structure differentiation, expand domestic demand, and promote supply innovation with consumption upgrading, this paper, based on the 2015-2021 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data, constructs a cluster group quartile analysis model to measure the heterogeneous effects of the digital divide and the digital dividend on the groups with different consumption levels and types. It reveals the characteristics of the residents' consumption structure, the differentiation pattern under the influence of the digital divide, and the mitigating effect of the digital dividend on the negative shocks.
The findings indicate that the digital divide exerts a significant inhibitory effect on household total consumption, exhibiting a “U-shaped” pattern, with a greater inhibition effect observed among households with both low and high consumption levels. Conversely, the development of the digital economy effectively narrows the digital divide, thereby stimulating residents' consumption, particularly among households with medium consumption levels. Additionally, the impact of the digital divide varies significantly across different consumption types, with more pronounced effects on upgraded consumption behaviors such as transportation, education, and healthcare.
This study contributes to existing literature in two aspects. First, it departs from traditional research that examines the overall impact of the digital divide or the digital dividend on consumption by employing a cluster quantile analysis model to accurately reveal the differentiated effects on households with varying consumption levels and types. Second, this study incorporates regional disparities in the digital economy into its theoretical framework and utilizes a two-stage estimation method. This approach effectively mitigates the interference of environmental shocks on the identification of the digital divide's impact, ensuring the consistency and reliability of the estimation results and enabling more precise identification of both the inhibitory effect of the digital divide and the mitigating effect of the digital dividend on consumption.
By providing an accurate basis for policy formulation, this study offers valuable insights for the government to develop differentiated strategies for the digital economy and consumption stimulation policies. These measures can more effectively bridge the digital divide, unleash the digital dividend, and promote the optimization and upgrading of residents' consumption structure, as well as the coordinated development of the economy.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has not only reshaped the way of production, dissemination, and knowledge creation but also profoundly affected the social order and human thinking mode. As a powerful technical tool, the data-driven logic, algorithmic optimization mechanism, and black-box characteristics behind it have gradually become the focus of attention of academics and policymakers. How to deeply deconstruct the black-box characteristics of GenAI from technical, ethical, and social perspectives and explore its far-reaching impact on the social and cultural structure is the core issue of this study.
The core mission of GenAI is to mimic human language, values, and thinking abilities, the goal that makes it increasingly technologically complex and insidious. Unlike conventional AI, GenAI embodies a high degree of non-interpretability in every aspect of its technical model, training process, and generation of results, shaping its unprecedented pure black-box nature. Based on the cutting-edge research and practice of GenAI development, this paper constructs a “stacked black-box” model, proposing that the black-box characteristics of GenAI are superimposed by three components: the technical black-box is reflected in the complexity of the algorithmic model; the nourishment black-box is reflected in the hidden nature of the training data source and processing; and the result black-box is reflected in the weak interpretability and uncertainty of the generated text.
Although explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tries to demystify the AI black-box through technical paths, its effect is still limited. From “pre-modeling explanation” and “interpretable model” to “post-modeling explanation”, the development of XAI has not yet really opened up the whole process of deep learning models, and may even increase the complexity of the system by adding secondary models. At the same time, the paradox of “explainable-human-like” is further highlighted. On the one hand, human beings want AI to simulate the complexity of human thinking; on the other hand, they demand transparency in the process, and this contradiction puts the development of technology in a dilemma. This paper emphasizes that it may not be realistic to completely demystify the GenAI black-box, and it is more important to balance the relationship between technological transparency and social needs.
As GenAI is widely embedded in daily life, the traditional “black-box society” is evolving into “Neoblack-box society”, and the technology outsourcing system constructed by GenAI is becoming an important pillar of social decision-making, but it brings new problems such as centralization of power, technological inequality, and untraceability of decision-making. This paper proposes the concept of “thinking ratio”, arguing that in the context of widely embedded black-box technological systems, human beings need to strengthen their ability to “think about thinking” and “judge about judging”, so as to realize rational control of technology amid uncertainty. This paper provides a new path for the collaboration between technology and society at the cognitive level.
This paper expands on previous studies in the following three aspects. First, it focuses on the key ethical issue of the “explainable-human-like” paradox from the multidimensional perspective of “superposition”, revealing the inherent contradiction between generative AI in the pursuit of transparency and human-like intelligence. Through the comprehensive analysis from technical logic to ethical dilemma, it provides a new theoretical perspective for the study of AI ethics. Second, the impact of AI technology on social formations is understood from the perspective of the black-box, revealing the far-reaching reshaping of technology on social order, resource distribution and individual ways of thinking. Third, the concept of “thinking ratio” is proposed in the face of criticisms that AI has made humans lose their thinking, turning attention to human cognitive adaptability to complex technological environments, and providing a new way of thinking for the understanding of the evolution of human decision-making ability in the technological era.

Reproductive issues have long been a focal concern for individuals, society, and the state, constituting a key domain of legal regulation. In contemporary China, legal debates surrounding procreation primarily concentrate on two dimensions: (1) The permissible scope of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in exercising reproductive rights-specifically under what circumstances ART applications should be authorized; (2) How to establish a new equilibrium between promoting and restricting reproductive rights to address urgent social challenges arising from plummeting fertility rates and an accelerating aging population.
To resolve the dual challenges, this study employs normative analysis, case analysis, and axiological examination. Building upon a clarified theoretical framework regarding the subjects entitled to reproductive rights, it systematically analyzes major types of interest conflicts in the realization of reproductive rights. It aims to provide theoretical foundations for resolving both interpersonal conflicts among equal civil subjects in reproductive decision-making and the inherent tensions between private interests and societal public welfare.
Reproductive rights embody dual legal attributes, functioning both as fundamental rights and personality rights. This dual legal nature dictates that while the exercise of reproductive rights typically requires collaboration between the male and the female, their entitlement remains independent of identity relationships. Anchored in the constitutional principles of personal freedom and human dignity under Article 990(2) of China's Civil Code, reproductive rights, like other personality rights, are inherent to natural persons by birth, irrespective of social status. Nevertheless, their practical realization may encounter constraints arising from objective factors, such as physiological limitations or state policy regulations.
Reproductive rights, in their practical realization, exhibit distinctive characteristics compared to other personality rights, primarily due to biological differences between the male and the female. This distinctiveness manifests principally in the biological collaboration between male and female parties as a prerequisite for exercising such rights. Furthermore, with advancements in life sciences, this gender-based collaborative nature increasingly engenders novel legal disputes in reproductive practices.
Guided by this inherent gender-interdependent framework, conflicts of interest in reproductive rights realization can be categorized into two typologies: (1) Interpersonal conflicts between heterosexual partners within specific social relationships regarding reproductive decision-making; (2) Structural tensions between individuals' private interests in procreative autonomy and societal public interests.
Regarding interest conflicts between heterosexual partners, resolution mechanisms should be differentiated based on the biological threshold of conception: (1) Before successful conception, reproductive informed rights and procreative autonomy of both parties maintain absolute parity. This equality necessitates that the party opposing procreation shall prevail in decision-making when partners hold conflicting positions on reproductive implementation. (2) Upon achieving mutual consent in reproductive intent and successful conception, maternal primacy governs subsequent reproductive processes. The gestating party retains decisive authority over pregnancy continuation or termination, reflecting biological exigencies and constitutional protections of women's health rights.
Addressing conflicts between private and public interests in reproductive rights realization requires a differentiated analytical framework: (1) The conflict paradigm must first distinguish between inter-spousal conflicts involving private interests of partnered individuals versus societal welfare and individual-state tensions arising from unmarried persons' procreative autonomy clashing with population governance objectives. (2) Conflict-resolution rules shall be established through proportional balancing rather than absolutist approaches. Neither should public interests be disregarded in the exclusive pursuit of private benefits (e.g., unregulated surrogacy commercialization), nor should private interests be sacrificed under the sole pretext of safeguarding societal welfare (e.g., blanket prohibitions on elective oocyte cryopreservation for single women). (3) When such conflicts emerge, the three-dimensional evaluation must be conducted to determine protection boundaries through a cost-benefit analysis of competing interests, establish graduated thresholds for state intervention proportionality, and prevent regulatory overreach/underreach through dynamic equilibrium mechanisms.

The nature of one spouse's tortious debt has been controversial among legal scholars and practical legal workers. Article 1064 of China's Civil Code stipulates the criteria for determining marital joint debts, but has not settled the controversy. There is a dispute among scholars as to whether Article 1064 of the Civil Code can be applied to the tortious debts of one spouse. In applying Article 1064 of the Civil Code to determine the nature of the tortious debts of one spouse, the judicial practices have adopted different identification standards. Therefore, there is no unified view among scholars and practical legal workers on determining the nature of the tortious debts of one spouse, which needs further discussion.
This paper mainly employs the method of interpretation. Through the method of interpretation, this paper discusses whether Article 1064 of the Civil Code could be used to identify the nature of the tortious debt of one spouse and how to solve it.
Compared with previous studies, the innovation of this paper mainly lies in the following two points. First, different from the mainstream view, this paper supports that Article 1064 of the Civil Code can be used to determine the nature of one spouse's tortious debt. Second, as the mainstream view of the existing studies denies that Article 1064 of the Civil Code can be used to solve the issue of determining the nature of one spouse's tortious debt, existing studies do not discuss how to use Article 1064 of the Civil Code to solve the issue above. Based on the first innovation, this paper explains how to apply Article 1064 of the Civil Code to solve the issue of determining the nature of one spouse's tortious debt. This paper holds that Article 1064 of the Civil Code provides three criteria for determining the nature of the tortious debt of one spouse. The first criterion is the expression of the spouses' common intention as the joint legal act, the key point of which is whether the spouses and the injured party have reached an agreement to transform the tortious debts of one spouse into a joint debt of the spouses. The second criterion is the expression of the spouses' common intention as the co-existing debt, the key point of which is whether the infringed party can prove that the spouses have reached an agreement to transform the tortious debts of one spouse into a joint debt. The third criterion is using the debt for the spouses' joint living, production, and operation. Whether the debt has been used for the joint living, production, and operation of the spouses should be defined by the utility theory of value, and the scope of the joint living, production, and operation of the spouses varies depending on the type of debt.
This paper clarifies the legal basis and the criteria for identifying the nature of the tortious debts of one spouse. This is conducive to calming down theoretical disputes, unifying judicial adjudication, and fairly protecting both spouses' and creditors' legitimate rights and interests.

This paper is a rough and comprehensive investigation and interpretation of the most common procedures and ceremonies in traditional Chinese judicial activities, which have more formal significance than substantive significance. This kind of procedure and ceremony is called judicial etiquette. Our interpretation will adopt the method of historical jurisprudence. We regard some customary and customary rituals that have long been practiced in traditional Chinese judicial activities, namely, judicial etiquette, as an important part of the national legal system and as the embodiment of national culture or national spirit. This paper intends to make a rough survey and summary of these ceremonial phenomena, and then make a preliminary analysis and interpretation of the national value concept or national spirit deliberately demonstrated by them.
As a “state of rites and justice” and a “state of rites and ceremonies”, traditional China, from the court down to the government at all local levels, attaches great importance to demonstrate the country's benevolence and justice and fair attitude through certain ceremonial formalities or procedures in judicial activities. These ceremonial procedures are partly due to national legislation and partly due to the political habits of the past dynasties. In the broad judicial activity, those procedures that are carried out “routinely” for a long time, with a certain performative, even slightly funny sense, have a “ritual” nature. Those formalities are often not necessary for ascertaining the facts of the case, making or enforcing judgments, or they are not primarily intended to undertake such substantive tasks. It is mainly to show that the national judiciary is following the great righteousness of “careful punishment”, “pardon a punishment”, “merciful punishment”, “auspicious punishment”, “justice with pity”, “obey the way of heaven”, “follow the law of nature”, “harmony between human and nature”, and so on.
This paper mainly starts with the various ceremonial procedures in ancient Chinese judicial activities, such as “trial after fast”, “the emperor approved the death penalty”, “seasonal justice”, “relatives bade farewell to prisoners on death row”, “amnesty ceremony”, “sacrifice to the city God” and “offer sacrifices to evil spirits”, and makes a brief review, summary, and interpretation of the ceremonial procedures in traditional Chinese judicial activities in a broad sense. In particular, it tries to analyze and explain the idea or spirit of following the way of heaven, following the natural law, reflecting love and humanity, and pursuing justice and fairness behind these ceremonial procedures, and explain the Chinese nation's view of judicial justice behind them.
This paper finds that the concepts of “benevolence and punishment” and “obedience to heaven” embodied in the traditional judicial etiquette has both Confucian and Taoist influences. The soul of these judicial rites is summed up as “benevolence” and “Tao” most accurately. The “benevolence” means “merciful and humane”, and the “Tao” means “obey the way of heaven” and “communication god”. These judicial rites reflect the unity of Confucianism and Taoism. It is from the ultimate concept of “benevolence” that all the above-mentioned judicial concepts of benevolence and its externalization of judicial etiquette, as well as the procedures, rituals, and taboos of expressing “compassion”, are born. “Tao” lies in the way of seeking governance according to heaven. To follow the “Tao”, the ritual procedures that highlight the purpose of following heaven, dharma heaven, and God came into being.
Although there is still a considerable distance from today's pursuit of democracy, rule of law, freedom, etc., those ceremonies and their pursuit of value, by highlighting the “benevolence” and “Tao”, explained the greatest commonality between the Chinese nation and the legal civilization of major ethnic groups in the field of vision.

In recent years, the natural population growth rate has declined significantly, and the competition around “population” has become increasingly fierce. Existing literature has not reached a consistent conclusion on the relationship between housing prices and labor migration, and there are still deeper factors influencing labor migration. The establishment of national hi-tech zones is an important means for local governments to promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, and has an important impact on labor migration. Although the construction of national hi-tech zones can improve urban economic development and promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, if the development results are not internalized into the income premium of the migrant population, the attraction of the construction of hi-tech zones for the migrant population is still doubtful. This paper attempts to conduct an exploration of the construction of hi-tech zones and test the role of this policy in the field of migration decision-making.
This paper manually collects the resident population data of 233 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2018 and empirically tests the impact of the establishment of national Hi-tech zones on regional population mobility by using the time-varying difference-in-differences (DID) method. The results are as follows. (1) The establishment of national hi-tech zones has expanded the permanent population of the cities in which they are located, which can increase the total population by 4 percentage points. The construction of hi-tech zones has an inhibitory effect on the growth rate of the permanent resident population. (2) The mechanism test proves that the establishment of national hi-tech zones in a region enhances the attractiveness of the region to the population through three channels: promoting the transformation and upgrading of regional industrial structure, raising regional wages, and improving the environment for innovation and entrepreneurship. (3) The results of heterogeneity analysis show that the longer the construction time of national hi-tech zones, the more obvious the role of national hi-tech zones in attracting population inflow; and the positive promoting effect of national hi-tech zones on population size is more significant in the central and western regions and backward areas.
Compared with previous studies, the theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it expands the research perspective of migration decision-making of the migrant population. From the perspective of urban industrial layout, it explains the attraction effect of high-tech industrial agglomeration on migration decision-making. Based on solving the problem of “come” of the migrant population, it further solves the problem of “stay” from the perspective of providing higher wage premiums. Second, it promotes research on the construction effect of national hi-tech zones, extends research on such regional industrial policies with Chinese characteristics to the level of urban livability, and provides a new idea in line with the development concept of new urbanization for the construction of hi-tech zones.
The conclusion of this paper clarifies the internal logic of the influence of the establishment of national hi-tech zones on population migration decision-making to a certain extent, and demonstrates the way that hi-tech zones play a role in affecting the migration decision-making of population, helps local governments to formulate appropriate industrial policies to attract population inflow, and provides a new perspective for China to promote the construction of new urbanization and realize the coordinated development of technological innovation and human resources.

In recent years, the issue of citizens' movement trajectory information has become a hot topic in protecting personal information. As an important personal right of citizens, it should be given due attention and protection. Against this backdrop, investigative agencies and Internet companies find it significant for case handling and business development to obtain such information, thus necessitating strict protection of this type of information. However, existing literature is scarce on the application of citizens' movement trajectory information in investigations and the relevant legal rules, especially on how to determine the status of such information in judicial trials and how to establish it as a type of evidence material.
This article employs the method of judicial case analysis to statistically identify the widespread abuse of citizens' movement trajectory information in practice. In judicial trials, there is no uniform classification or determination of such information. Specifically, there are situations where this information is directly used as evidence, situations where it is used as auxiliary evidence for direct determination, and situations where it is used as a clue to obtain other evidence that is directly determined as evidence.
This article expands on previous literature in the following two aspects. First, it explores the legal attributes of citizens' movement trajectory information in the application of investigations, analyzing the legal attributes of such information from the perspective of technical investigation within the investigative power, thus expanding literature on the legal attributes of movement trajectory information. Second, unlike existing studies, this article applies a quantitative research method, summarizing the situations that occur in practice and confirming the specific forms of abuse of such information in practice.
This article reveals, to some extent, the internal logic of the protection of citizens' movement trajectory information in the context of China's personal information protection. It is helpful for our investigative agencies to develop corresponding systems in the future when using such information, provide rights protection for obtaining such information under different circumstances, and ensure the orderly development of citizens' personal rights.

Digital economy is mainly characterized by innovative competition, but the monopolization trend in this field in recent years has triggered people's concern about the abuse of market power by platform enterprises to the detriment of innovation. In the first revision of China's Antimonopoly Law, “encouraging innovation” has been added to the purpose of the legislation to respond to the regulatory requirement. As the concentration of undertakings in the digital economy is highly related to both antimonopoly and innovation, this paper aims to study how to achieve an overall balance between promoting innovation of platform enterprises and maintaining the vitality of innovation in the market through the reasonable construction for the rule of concentration of undertakings.
Based on the economic theories of Schumpeter, Arrow, and other economists on the relationship between innovation and competition, this paper analyzes characteristics of market structure and competition of the modern digital economy, and proposes that in the field of the digital economy, platforms maintain a “moderately competitive” market pattern, which makes it necessary to compete through innovation, and the platform's concentration of undertakings on startups enables platforms to obtain the innovation needed for competition, while startups can survive and develop with the resources of platforms. Reviewing domestic and international practice cases, this paper summarizes the two-fold effects of concentration of undertakings in the digital economy on innovation: on one hand, the concentration of undertakings can enhance efficiency and capacity of innovation through resource integration of key assets of startups and organizational restructuring, which promotes sustained and rich development of innovation; on the other hand, through “killer acquisitions” or imposing technological blockades after concentration, the concentration of undertakings can restrict or exclude potential innovation, weakens other competitors' ability and willingness to innovate, and thus curb the sources of innovation in the market.
When the global digital economy and resources are in fierce competition, to support China's platform enterprises to carry out technological innovation and enhance key technological innovation capabilities, this paper proposes that a more inclusive attitude shall be adopted towards platform enterprises' investment in favor of innovation; the “endogenous mode of competition” of innovation shall be clarified in the legislative framework of the current Antimonopoly Law; and the following specific suggestions should be proposed to improve the current rule of concentration of undertakings. First, in the design of the declaration threshold rule, the prior negotiation system can be improved in a non-compulsory manner, and the simplified procedure can be applied to the concentration where unique and significant “technological innovation” can be realized. Second, in the design of the concentration review rule, we can explore the establishment of a preliminary standard of review to identify the anti-competitive effects, and emphasize the burden of proof on the participants of concentration to prove that the concentration can produce favorable effects including promoting innovations. Third, for the application of the remedial measures, a flexible remedy enforcement mechanism shall be established, where additional behavioral restrictions shall be adopted mainly, the monitoring mechanism shall be improved, and participants of concentration shall be allowed to apply for early expiration or adjustment of the additional conditions in accordance with changes in the market environment. The digital economy is still in a stage of rapid development, and adhering to the principle of prudent supervision in monopoly practice aligns with China's strategic development requirement.

The regulation of administrative entities' abuse of administrative power to exclude and restrict competition is an important task of China's anti-monopoly law enforcement. Administrative entities that abuse administrative power to exclude and restrict competition in administrative monopolies should bear corresponding legal responsibilities. However, operators involved in administrative monopolies are rarely held accountable, and their illegal profits have not been properly dealt with.
The reasons are as follows. On one hand, there is no legal basis for regulating the illegal profits of operators in administrative monopolies in the existing regulatory system, and law enforcement agencies find it difficult to regulate the illegal profits of operators in administrative monopolies. On the other hand, academia lacks a corresponding regulatory theoretical framework with explanatory power and support. There are deficiencies in regulatory theories, making it difficult to effectively guide regulatory activities in practice.
At present, there are several theories on regulatory theory in academia, such as “identity theory”, “deterrence theory”, “fault theory”, and “unjust enrichment theory”. These theories have their advantages and to a certain extent justify the regulation of the illegal profits of operators in administrative monopolies. However, these theories only support the regulation of the illegal profits of “actively participating” operators in administrative monopolies and encounter theoretical obstacles when dealing with “compulsorily participating” and “passive” operators in administrative monopolies. Therefore, it is necessary to absorb the advantages of existing theories and construct a “restitution” theoretical framework that can adapt to different types of operators in administrative monopolies to support regulatory activities.
The regulation of the illegal profits of operators in administrative monopolies should be based on the “restitution” theory. In specific measures, it should be implemented in two steps. In the short term, with the help of the existing “order for rectification” system, by strengthening the administrative entity's responsibility to perform “order for rectification”, the administrative entity that abuses administrative power to exclude and restrict competition can correct wrong behaviors and confiscate the illegal profits of operators under the joint supervision of superior administrative entities and anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies. In the long term, laws should be revised to stipulate the corresponding legal responsibilities that operators in administrative monopolies need to bear and stipulate that the illegal benefits obtained by operators from administrative monopolies should be regulated. On one hand, according to the subjective state and actual role of operators in administrative monopolies, the forms of responsibility for operators in administrative monopolies should be stipulated. It should be stipulated that the illegal profits of operators should be regulated using “fines” and “confiscation of illegal gains”. On the other hand, it should be stipulated that illegal profits should be regulated, and the method of “replacing confiscation with fines” should not be adopted. To determine the amount of illegal gains more economically and efficiently, various business information can be taken into consideration and the practice of estimating profit margins by industry in Japan can be borrowed. The amount of illegal gains is presumed, and then the operator can defend against it. Then, we can reach the amount of illegal profits.

Improving the quality and maintaining stability in the quantity of foreign trade is an important development strategy to expand high-level opening-up. At present, under the new situation of intensified external demand shocks and steady expansion of domestic demand, it is particularly important to explore the impact of changes in the demand pattern on the quality of export products against the background of the new development pattern of “dual circulation”. However, existing literature exploring the quality of enterprises' export products from the two perspectives of domestic demand and external demand is relatively scarce, and few scholars study the impact on the quality of enterprises' export products from the perspective of the linkage between the domestic market and foreign market.
This paper takes domestic demand and external demand shocks into the analysis framework of export product quality and constructs a partial equilibrium model to explain the impact of domestic demand and external demand shocks on export product quality. Using the export data of Chinese firms from 2000 to 2013, this paper finds that the increase in domestic demand and positive external demand shock improve the quality of export products, and the external demand shock plays a greater role in improving the quality of export products. The mechanism analysis shows that domestic demand changes and external demand shocks affect the quality of export products through the innovation effect and competition effect. Further analysis shows that the linkage between the domestic market and the foreign market can improve the quality of export products. The expansion of domestic demand can further strengthen the role of positive external demand shocks in improving the quality of export products. In particular, for high-quality export products, the expansion of domestic demand can weaken the negative impact of external demand shocks to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously enhance the complementary effect of the two resources in the domestic and international markets in the future. Heterogeneity analysis shows that domestic demand expansion and positive external demand shock mainly improve the quality of export products of large enterprises and processing trade enterprises.
This paper expands and supplements previous literature in the following three aspects. First, the impact of domestic demand and external demand is incorporated into the same analysis framework, and the impact of internal and external market demand on the quality of enterprises' export products is explored against the background of “dual circulation”, extending the existing theoretical analysis framework. Second, in terms of the impact mechanism, based on theoretical analysis and empirical tests, this paper analyzes the impact of domestic demand and external demand shocks on the quality of enterprises' export products from the perspectives of the innovation effect and competition effect. Third, in terms of research content, this paper extends the research on dual circulation to the linkage analysis of domestic and international markets and considers the impact of the linkage of domestic demand and external demand shocks on the quality of enterprises' export products.
This paper reveals the path selection of enterprises to improve the quality of export products against the background of the new development pattern, which is beneficial for enterprises to help achieve the strategic goal of becoming a trade power, and helps government departments to formulate and improve policies and measures for building up the strength in quality under the new development pattern of “dual circulation”, enabling the realization of the strategy of building up China's strength in trade and quality.

The innovative application and widespread adoption of digital technology have propelled the evolution of social development from a “traditional industrial society” to a state of “digital existence”. In the contemporary era, digital media technologies are increasingly permeating human life, with smartphones serving as the intermediary connecting humans to the world. This phenomenon has sparked reflections on the mode of digital existence and given rise to digital minimalism.
This paper delves into the practical measures of digital minimalism from the perspective of Marxist proletarian consciousness, employing the grounded theory methodology for research. It specifically addresses the following three questions: What commonalities exist between digital minimalism and Marxist proletarian consciousness? In what ways do they differ? How should the essence of digital minimalism be defined? The paper reveals the following findings: Firstly, digital minimalism's rejection of the repression of self-awareness and the alienated mode of production and life in capitalist society aligns with Marxism's critique of capitalism. Digital minimalism embodies certain characteristics of Marxist proletarian consciousness, sharing similar practical goals and methodological approaches. Secondly, digital minimalism seeks to reclaim “subjectivity” within the digital realm, which may otherwise be dominated by capital. However, constrained by real-life circumstances, it opts for “going offline” to evade capitalist domination, severing the material connections between the virtual and real worlds to avoid the “usurpation” of human labor by intelligent creations. Lastly, digital minimalism neither formulates a unified mode of life in the digital world nor constitutes a direct confrontation with capitalism. Moreover, its acts of resistance against digital capital do not exhibit thoroughness but oscillate between evasion and acceptance. This necessitates the awakening of proletarian consciousness to dispel digital minimalism's tendency to evade the production and lifestyle of digital capitalism, and elevate digital minimalism's critique of it through practical engagement.
Digital minimalism still explores the interactive relationship between humans and digital technologies. Compared to previous literature, this paper makes advancements in two aspects: Firstly, it investigates the logical connections between digital minimalism as a new form of social consciousness and Marxist proletarian consciousness, thereby expanding prior research on reflections on and subjective rejections of digital technology applications from a novel perspective. Secondly, in contrast to merely defining digital minimalism, this paper endeavors to provide a reasonable interpretation of digital minimalism practically and theoretically, such as its intrinsic causes and dynamic evolutionary trajectory. Consequently, this paper aims to focus on Marx's proletarian consciousness, elucidate the historical causes of the shift in the human-technology interaction inherent in digital minimalism, and explore how digital minimalism transitions from reliance on digital technologies to a path of subjective rejection and resistance.
Rooted in Marxist proletarian consciousness, this paper endeavors to elucidate the social relational structures embedded in digital minimalism and the human-technology interactions influenced by them from the perspectives of intrinsic causes and historical shifts. It offers practical and specific reference plans for the judicious use of digital technologies and products, assisting digital minimalists in reestablishing their dominance over the use of digital media technologies and returning the decision-making power of digital life to human hands.

The so-called Chinese classical literary theory is also known as the history of Chinese literary criticism. Regarding the history of criticism, Mr. Qian Zhongshu once said in his article Chinese Poetry and Chinese Painting that “the study of the history of criticism is ultimately for criticism”. Based on this reasoning, the research on the study of the history of criticism is ultimately for criticism. From this, we can see two types of criticism: One is the criticism of ancient Chinese poetry and prose by scholars of the Republic of China, and the other is the criticism of the study of critical history by scholars of the Republic of China at that time. However, since the 1980s, the focus of academic research on the study of Chinese classical literary theory during the Republic of China period has mostly remained on the discussion of professional issues in classical literary theory, with little attention paid to the sharp criticism and evaluation of ancient Chinese poetry and prose by scholars of the Republic of China when studying classical literary theory. Obviously, this is a research flaw that should be addressed in today's research. The former will be dealt with separately, while the latter is the focus of this article.
The academic community of the Republic of China was full of critical spirit, which was evident in the research community of classical Chinese literary theory during the Republic of China period. They are good at criticizing the ancients and better at criticizing the people of the time. They criticized the young people who liked to criticize their predecessors, criticized the phenomenon of explaining Chinese literature and art from the perspective and insights of Western literature and art, criticized the people who praised The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons at the time as mediocre people, criticized the people at that time for not being able to fully understand Han Yu's true spirit, and criticized anti-traditional scholars. In short, they not only criticize the research on modern Chinese classical literary theory as a whole but also criticize specific researchers on classical literary theory and their works such as Wang Guowei, Zhang Taiyan, Fan Wenlan, Chen Zhongfan, Guo Shaoyu, Luo Genze, and Chen Yanjie. Regardless of whether their criticism is right or wrong, they are all straightforward and serious in their criticism.
This article mainly adopts the method of empirical literature to complete the research on this topic, with brief comments. In terms of empirical literature, it not only provides a macro perspective of the overall situation of the critical spirit in the research community of classical Chinese literature during the Republic of China period but also displays the details of the critical spirit at a micro level, objectively restoring the historical truth of its critical spirit. Therefore, this article presents the actual situation of their critical spirit through a large number of critical comments by scholars during the Republic of China period on various works and articles studying classical Chinese literature at that time, and also presents the overall spiritual state of scholars of an era. The brief comments in the article generally adhere to the principle of value neutrality, not based on personal preferences, and strive to conclude objectively and rationally.
This article presents the critical landscape or scenery of the Republic of China era to today's academic community, providing references for academic criticism today, or helping to change the current research and commentary atmosphere.

The legal practice of deficient criminal procedural acts shows the trends of broad explanation of handling deficient acts from authorities, aiming at achieving substantial ruling in case of deficiency procedural management, and wrongfully ignoring the existing deficient criminal procedural act. Consequently, structuring the procedural mechanism of deficient criminal procedural act should be started with the judicial control from a court of the authority's impulse of breaking the law, building the mechanism focus on judges' ruling that is based on the theory of deficiency interest. Specifically, the procedural disposal mechanism of deficient criminal procedural acts follows a sequential construction. First, the procedural disposal of criminal procedural defects uses the interpretation method for retrospective law regulation to identify whether the procedural defects are present. Secondly, it uses the “possibility standard” to judge whether there is a causal relationship between the defects of the litigation conduct and the fair trial. Only when the defects of the litigation conduct are not used as the basis for judgment or the court takes remedial measures in time, can the possibility of the defects of the litigation conduct affecting the fair trial be excluded. Finally, when it is impossible to rule out the causal relationship between the defects of litigation conduct and fair trial, the defendant should be consulted and confirmed whether to exercise the defect objection right based on the defect interest. If the defendant gives up exercising the right of defect objection, the effect of the defect of the litigation act shall be valid. However, if the defendant chooses to continue to exercise the right of defect objection, the judge can consider making a favorable determination to the defendant in the way of penalty right loss, thus exerting the shaping function of procedural justice on the entity result. Therefore, the procedural disposal mechanism of criminal procedural defects responds to the dilemma of the current disposal of procedural defects in different dimensions. As the first step to start the process of handling defects in litigation, the identification method of purpose interpretation provides an effective regulatory path for judges to define the “strategic” tendency of defects in litigation. The construction of a whole set of procedural disposal mechanisms for defects in criminal proceedings provides a set of scientific and reasonable operational guidelines for the cases of defects in criminal proceedings that are not explicitly stipulated by norms or that cannot be exhaustively enumerated by norms. Through a series of procedural means, the procedural disposal mechanism of defects in criminal litigation acts determines the effectiveness of the procedural disposal, and then finally forms the effectiveness evaluation result of defects in litigation acts, practicing a disposal mechanism that respects and reflects the value of procedural independence. Therefore, the procedural disposal mechanism of defects in criminal proceedings can follow reasonable methods of identification of defects in criminal proceedings at the micro level, establish scientific operational norms of procedural disposal at the medium level, and highlight the procedural character of procedural independence concept at the macro level, provide a rational order of operational norms for procedural disposal of defects in criminal proceedings. It realizes a typical disposition system based on the character of procedural autonomy and independence.

In recent years, selling goods through live-streaming has rapidly emerged as a form of digital labor, attracting an increasing number of individuals to become live-streamers. Existing research on Internet sales anchors has shed light on their labor processes and emotional practices, yet it has failed to address the causes of the trend of universal live-streaming sales. Therefore, this paper, based on the theoretical perspective of moral economy, employs two research methods, participatory observation and in-depth interviews, to delve into the deep-seated reasons behind the public's choice to engage in live-streaming sales.
To clarify the diversity and complexity of Internet sales anchors, this paper proposes a typological framework for these anchors based on class and income dimensions, categorizing existing anchors into four types: elite reproduction, grassroots reversal, middle-class confusion, and bottom-layer marginalization. Subsequently, this paper analyzes why and how the masses engage in live-streaming sales from three aspects: social context, external environment, and internal demands. It finds that live-streaming provides platforms and employment opportunities for Internet sales anchors, while national policy support and capital investment further expand the market for live-streaming sales. At the same time, interests, intentions, determination, and capabilities constitute the internal requirements for ordinary individuals to become Internet sales anchors. Moreover, a moral economy permeates the commodity value and social interactions in live-streaming sales. In commodity sales, a moral economy demands that Internet sales anchors provide more economical and affordable products as well as more friendly and equitable services. In social relationships, morality is utilized in competition among peers and in companies' control over the behavior of Internet sales anchors. Simultaneously, in the context of the attention economy, a moral economy plays a significant role, leading different types of Internet sales anchors to face two outcomes: moral capital appreciation and moral backlash.
Compared to previous studies, this paper makes contributions in the following aspects. First, it explores the typological framework of Internet sales anchors and the causes of the live-streaming sales trend from two intersecting dimensions, offering a novel perspective that expands upon existing research on Internet sales anchors. Second, unlike previous studies that focus on digital labor, this paper places greater emphasis on the role of morality in live-streaming sales. Through empirical analysis, it examines the different characteristics of morality in the commodity sales process and social interactions within live-streaming sales. Based on the presence of morality, it further explores the impact of moral economy on different types of Internet sales anchors.
Live-streaming sales serve as one of the most intuitive windows for understanding contemporary digital Chinese society. To some extent, this paper reveals the social motivations and moral economic logic behind the phenomenon of live-streaming sales. It provides a foundation for policy-makers to reflect more deeply on theory and reality from the perspective of moral economy in the context of the rapid development of the digital economy. By providing differentiated policy support for different types of Internet sales anchors, they can better navigate the challenges of rapid growth in the digital economy and explore sustainable development pathways for the live-streaming industry.

“Persona” initially refers to the characterization of virtual characters in anime, novel, and other works, and then gradually extends to the labeling of celebrities or public figures, which mostly exists as a marketing tool. Bloggers who are active on short-video platforms pay attention to the presentation of “persona”. Many scholars have explored the persona to deeply understand the motivation and value of identity construction under the Internet traffic ecology. However, the existing research perspectives are scattered, without analyzing the influencing factors of persona shaping in a macroscopic and comprehensive way, and most of them stay in the discussion of static persona at a certain stage, without considering in-depth dynamic changes in the longitudinal axis of time.
This paper conducts in-depth interviews with 10 short-video bloggers, 5 MCN operation managers, and 18 short-video platform users. Based on the grounded theory, this paper uses NVivo12 to code the interview records at three levels, and analyzes the mechanism of short-video bloggers' persona shaping dynamics from four perspectives of platforms, MCN, bloggers, and users. It is found that the persona originates from the bloggers' self-consciousness, but is subject to the gaze of fans, visitors, MCN and platforms. Prompted by metacognition, bloggers integrate their self-consciousness with the gaze of others, and continuously carry out self-assessment, goal-setting, and planning adjustments to form a dynamic group structure. The goals of multiple parties are agreed upon under the commercial demands, resulting in a stable and phased composition of self-consciousness and the gaze of others. The availability of Internet technology provides the necessity and feasibility of interaction, and big data is used as a tool for the operation of a specific dynamic persona, thus forming the relationship between stability and dynamics of a certain stage of the persona. The notion of dynamic mechanism has the potential to explain the mechanism of persona formation, while reconstructing the labeled and symbolic commercial and social value of persona.
This paper expands on previous literature in the following three aspects. First, it returns to the more generalized subject of short-video bloggers, makes a more comprehensive multi-perspective exploration of the dynamics of persona shaping, and emphasizes the interconnections between different perspectives. Second, the persona discussed in this paper is dynamic, with certain growth under the joint effect of blogger subjectivity and the gaze of others at different time stages, which is more in line with the rapid development of social media. Third, this paper uses grounded theory to obtain first-hand data and strives for a more solid and in-depth study.
The persona shaping motivation framework constructed in this paper reveals the dynamic driving force of persona, and a persona that remains static for a long period of time is prone to produce a stereotypical effect in the process of communication, and even impedes the commercial and social value orientation of the persona. Persona has the value of subjectivity. It is necessary to seize the opportunity and meet the challenge under the demand of Internet traffic, use the dynamic driving force of persona to break the stereotype effect, and construct a good ethical order based on the short video platform, which will help strengthen the construction of network civilization and the guidance and governance of the network information content ecology.

Membership confirmation in rural collective economic organizations (RCEOs) is crucial for developing new rural collective economies and realizing collective ownership, directly affecting farmers' property rights and rural social stability. Focusing on the legal interpretation of membership confirmation lawsuits, this paper employs normative and case analysis methods to address procedural aspects, clarify judicial divergences, and discuss rules for membership confirmation lawsuits, aiming to provide theoretical support for proper law application.
Textual interpretation of Article 56(1) of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law reveals no additional conditions for filing lawsuits, implying that mere membership confirmation disputes can be filed without specific civil rights infringement. Membership confirmation lawsuits are declaratory actions, while member rights protection lawsuits are formative actions. Parties can file standalone declaratory actions or combine them with collective resolution revocation or payment requests.
For membership disputes, Article 56(1)'s “directly file with the people's court” indicates a civil rather than administrative litigation path, bypassing prior government processing. The Civil Case Cause Regulation should add “RCEO Membership Confirmation Disputes” as a tertiary cause under “Ownership Disputes”, preceding “RCEO Member Rights Infringement Disputes”. Article 56(1) of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law provides three paths: mediation, arbitration, and litigation, with membership disputes following non-agreement arbitration, optional arbitration, and post-arbitration litigation systems, where mediation and arbitration are not prerequisites for litigation.

“The other” is a recognition and construction for examining, improving, and transcending oneself. Since its inception, Chinese civilization has been “the other” civilization for Western civilization. In the long historical process of discourse progression, the image of China as “the other” has evolved from a beautiful myth to one of hostility, and then to varying degrees of praise and criticism. China is an indispensable civilizational subject in human history, and its customs, traditions, values, beliefs, institutions, and concepts have become objects of scrutiny by the West. The West has constructed specific discourse expressions through different roles, perspectives, and standpoints to achieve self-examination, self-cognition, self-reflection, and self-transcendence. Chinese modernization, as the contemporary emergence of a Western “other” civilization, represents the phoenix-like renewal of the traditional, virtuous “other”, the shedding of feathers and rebirth from the backward “other” of modern times, and the sublation of civilization towards the contemporary “other”. To break out of the predicament of Western “other” civilization in the contemporary era, China must solidify its practical foundation for transcending Western “The Other” civilization traps, actively promote civilizational exchanges, mutual learning, and inclusiveness, and build a community with a shared future for mankind. At the same time, it must maintain strategic persistence and be courageous and adept at fighting.

The study of illustrations in ancient Chinese fiction has emerged as a burgeoning academic field in recent years, yielding notable scholarly achievements through comprehensive explorations, case studies, or theoretical syntheses. Research scopes have expanded temporally from ancient to modern eras and geographically from domestic to international contexts. However, existing studies predominantly focus on summarizing universal patterns and theoretical frameworks of image creation, with limited attention to specific themes or unique visual motifs in fictional illustrations.
This paper investigates the distinctive metaphorical and literary functions of dream illustrations by examining their intrinsic correlation with domestic fiction of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Dream illustrations not only predominantly appear in domestic fiction but also exhibit uniquely “domesticated” visual characteristics. Grounded in the textual narratives of such fiction, these illustrations depict worldly themes such as romantic relationships, human destiny, and moral dilemmas. Moreover, they demonstrate interpretive agency by reimagining domestic characters and scenarios, utilizing a dual visual structure-“within the dream” and “outside the dream”-to amplify, deepen, and extend the fiction's thematic concerns. As paratexts, dream illustrations play a pivotal role in facilitating the reading and dissemination of the texts, further accentuating their domestic narratives. The emergence of this “human relationship” phenomenon in dream illustrations stems from the cumulative cultural consciousness of dreams, the flourishing of dream imagery in art, and the ethos of emotionalism prevalent in Ming and Qing intellectual culture.
This paper innovates in two key aspects. First, it identifies the visual markers and stylistic conventions of dream illustrations. These works employ cloud and mist motifs as visual boundaries, dividing the image into “dream” (within the motifs) and “reality” (the dreamer outside), thereby forming a stylized visual formula: dreamer + cloud motifs + dream scene. Second, it explores how dream illustrations uniquely interpret domestic fiction through polysemous imagery, particularly through dual character portrayals and spatial configurations of “dream” and “reality”, while guiding readers by highlighting pivotal narrative moments and moral didacticism.
The significance of this paper lies in its in-depth analysis of a specific illustrative genre within a distinct literary tradition. By revealing the unique compositional logic and thematic synergy between dream illustrations and domestic narratives, it contributes to advancing personalized approaches in the study of premodern Chinese fictional illustrations.

When compiling Wenxuan, Xiao Tong not only selected the best works of ancient and modern times according to strict literary criteria but also made further selection of articles based on his complex personal value orientation. Wenxuan was a cultural project that the Liang royal family attaches great importance to. Xiao Tong, as a core member of the regime, presided over compiling Wenxuan; inevitably, there will be political factors in the editing work. Considering that there are a lot of political topics involved in the works of Wenxuan, this article only selects the talent issue, which has always been regarded as the most important political affair, to explore Xiao Tong's view of talent.
Through the selection of works, Xiao Tong emphasized that in various situations, rulers need to first consider the problem of talents and attach importance to the value of talents. Therefore, he listed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's imperial edicts on seeking talents in the section of practical writing (“Bi”) to highlight its importance. Given the situation that there were many talents in Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's era, Xiao Tong pointed out through selected works Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's “pursuing as if not satisfied” for all kinds of talents, and the attitude of employing only talents and not criticizing small mistakes. This technique of controlling people is even more obvious in a divided regime. It can be seen from the selected articles that Wenxuan slightly satirized the way of Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty to control people, but highly praised the wisdom of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty in treating the meritorious officials. This is in line with Xiao Tong's kind and generous character.
In the face of readers seeking progress in their official career, Xiao Tong pointed out the ideal goal of being an official through selected articles: Zhang Liang, an ancient person who served as the emperor's mentor. In the knowledge concept of the Middle Ages, Zhang Liang was the mentor granted by God to Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, and there are many works related to Zhang Liang in Wenxuan, which are filled with praise and admiration. In Xiao Tong's view, Wang Jian of Southern Qi could be called the emperor's mentor. In Wenxuan, the two emperors' mentors, one ancient and one “present”, are enough to serve as examples for later elites.
The mutual achievement of the king and the minister is certainly a good story, but throughout the ages, inside and outside the official circle, there have always been few people who appreciated talents, and many talents who cannot be appreciated. This truth has been clearly presented to scholars by Xiao Tong's selected works. Wenxuan has a category of “Shewen”, indicating that Xiao Tong believed that scholars in the face of the predicament of officials may wish to refute doubts and ridicule by asking themselves and answering themselves, and actively self-healing. If a scholar is extremely frustrated in his official career, he should not commit suicide, but should stay away from the world and live in seclusion. Xiao Tong especially appreciated Tao Yuanming, and there are a lot of Tao's reclusive poems and texts in Wenxuan, so we can understand his positive attitude towards the seclusion behavior of scholars.
This paper tries to reveal some other selection rules outside the literary scale by taking the selected articles of Wenxuan as the clue and the talent view as the starting point, which is conducive to deepening the academic circle's exploration of Wenxuan and Xiao Tong's literary view and governance thoughts, and plays a certain role in strengthening the integration and refinement of the study of mid-history literature.

With the in-depth implementation of an innovation-driven development strategy, the economic development model has shifted from conventional factor-driven to technology innovation-driven growth, accompanied by a simultaneous rise in the professional skill requirements and wage levels of workers. As microeconomic entities in the market, businesses face not only the pressure of rising labor costs but also the necessity of optimizing their workforce structure to meet the demands of economic transformation. To align with the trends of the digital economy, businesses are inclined to apply digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) to harness data in driving business processes and facilitating the digital transformation and transformation of enterprises. As AI technology continues to expand its application scenarios within businesses, it is important to explore how AI technology affects labor investment efficiency, and how to leverage AI for further optimization of labor factor allocation efficiency.
Drawing on the data from Chinese listed companies between 2013 and 2023, this paper employs keyword matching and natural language processing techniques to assess AI technology application in enterprises and investigate the impact and mechanism through which AI technology influences labor investment efficiency. The research results demonstrate that AI technology significantly enhances labor investment efficiency in enterprises. Mechanism testing reveals that AI technology boosts labor investment efficiency by improving operational management efficiency, reducing information asymmetry, and optimizing the structure of labor resources. Heterogeneity testing indicates that the empowering effect of AI technology on labor investment efficiency is more pronounced in regions with weaker labor bargaining power and abundant labor supply, as well as in labor-intensive enterprises, declining enterprises, and companies in the digital industry.
The marginal contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it expands research on the economic consequences of AI technology at the enterprise level. Unlike existing studies, which primarily focus on the impact of AI technology on labor income share and labor productivity but lack in-depth discussion on its effect on corporate investment behavior from the perspective of labor factor allocation efficiency, this paper specifically examines how AI technology enhances labor investment efficiency within enterprises, thereby extending the scope of research on its economic impact. Second, this paper enriches empirical research on the factors influencing labor investment efficiency. In the transitional phase of economic development, improving labor investment efficiency becomes a critical issue for enterprises. As AI technology emerges as one of the most representative cutting-edge technologies, this paper addresses the issue through the lens of AI, offering new insights into the factors that shape labor investment efficiency in enterprises and contributing to existing literature in labor economics. Finally, the paper elucidates the mechanism through which AI technology influences labor investment efficiency in enterprises, identifying primary pathways such as improving operational management efficiency, reducing information asymmetry, and optimizing the structure of labor resources. Additionally, this paper explores the heterogeneous impact of AI technology on labor investment efficiency across different macro environments and enterprise characteristics. The findings provide more detailed empirical evidence to support enterprises in refining their AI strategies.
This paper develops a research framework to examine the impact of AI technology on labor investment efficiency in enterprises, providing governments with a decision-making foundation to formulate policies that guide enterprises in strategically integrating AI technology. Additionally, it offers practical insights for enterprises to enhance labor resource allocation efficiency through multidimensional application strategies.

Chinese modernization has been presented to the international community as a new modernization path, which not only breaks the hegemony of Western modernization discourse but also lays the foundation for China's stronger discourse power in the world. After the 20th CPC national Congress, “Chinese modernization” has rapidly become a key entry point for international media to understand and interpret China's development path. However, there are not many studies presenting the international media's perception of the concept of Chinese modernization and its problems from the perspective of international communication, and in particular, there is a lack of in-depth exploration of the narrative factors and mechanisms that influence the formation of the perception and problems.
This paper adopts the narrative analysis method of narrative sociology for narrative “text” and narrative “action”, forming the analysis path of “from text to action”, from the examination of how the international media perceive the subject, action and object of Chinese modernization at the level of “text”, to the analysis of the narrator, narrative contexts, and narrative behaviour at the level of “action”. The LexisNexis is used as the basic index, and the official websites of media in 15 countries are used to search for reports on the concept of Chinese modernization. Through the chi-square test and the delineation of the feature words, this paper presents the narrative pictures and problems of the concept of Chinese modernization in the international media, thus clarifying the possible paths of narrative “action” influencing narrative “text”.
The paper finds that the divergent perceptions of the concept of Chinese modernization in different international media are a relatively obvious challenge, and the narrative “action” of the international media has an impact on the generation of narrative “text”. Specifically, different narrators have different perceptions of the subject of Chinese modernization; the nature of the practice of Chinese modernization is perceived differently in dynamic narrative contexts; and divergent narrative behaviors can lead to opposing perceptions of the significance of Chinese modernization in the media. Under this mechanism, the media in Western developed countries present Chinese modernization as a zero-sum game modernization dominated by elites that may endanger the development of other countries, while the media in developing countries in contrast tend to present Chinese modernization as a great practice of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC to build a global community of shared future for the benefit of the whole people as the essence of the requirements.
Compared with previous literature, this paper is innovative in three ways. Firstly, it goes beyond the common “Chinese-Western” paradigm of international communication research to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the narrative of Chinese modernization in the international media. Secondly, unlike the previous static analysis of narrative texts, this paper goes from the narrative “text” to the narrative “action” to explore how the narrator, the narrative contexts, and other narrative “action” affect the narrative “text”. Thirdly, it refines and forms the innovative pathway of “from text to action” in the study of international narratives on the concept of Chinese modernization, emphasizing the strengthening of the “sense of reality” in the dialogue with social reality in the narrative analysis.
This paper summarizes the basic narrative factors and paths that influence the international media's perception and interpretation of the concept of Chinese modernization, which helps to establish an international communication discourse and narrative system with Chinese characteristics more accurately and comprehensively, and provides a new method and path for the study of the international narrative of the concept of Chinese modernization.

Veterans, as an important human resource in the modernization of national governance, have a profound impact on the effectiveness and sustainability of social governance through their willingness and motivation to participate. However, systematic research on how to effectively stimulate veterans' willingness and motivation for social participation is still lacking. The willingness of veterans to engage in social governance is primarily guided by multiple mechanisms of identity recognition, value recognition, and emotional recognition, while their motivation is influenced by both subjective and objective factors. Future efforts should focus on optimizing veterans' participation in social governance from four dimensions: enhancing individual capabilities, building diverse participation platforms, improving incentive mechanisms, and fostering a supportive social environment.

Globally, the vertical separation of industrial and value chains is key to achieving international division of labor.The prerequisite for ensuring the smooth advancement of this process is the establishment and implementation of “standards”. In the context of the new era, it is urgent need to further strengthen the development of the manufacturing industry. The establishment of standards is a critical tool for enhancing international market competitiveness, and countries with the authority to set standards often reap greater benefits within the global value chain division system. However, there islimitedliterature that examines the trade effects of industry standards from a microenterprise perspective, especially the impact of standard development on firms' export trade gains.
This paper based on the data of industrial enterprise data compiled by China's National Bureau of Statistics, trade data collected by China's General Administration of Customs, and China's industrial standards collected by Industrial Standard Consulting Network from 2000 to 2013. We explore the impact of industry standard construction on the export domestic value-added ratio of manufacturing enterprises and its mechanism.The results indicates that standard construction is helpful to improve domestic value-added ratio of export, and these results are robust when using alternative measures, excluding extreme value interference, and considering the endogeneity issues. In particular,the positive effect of standard construction on the domestic value-added ratio of manufacturing exports is mainly reflected in foreign-invested and processing trade enterprises, and the positive effect on the enterprises in the low domestic value-added ratio is more prominent than that of the enterprises with high domestic value-added ratio. Moreover, the trade welfare effect of standard construction is also observed across industries with different factor intensity.Further analysis shows that the positive impact of standard construction on the domestic value-added ratio of manufacturing export is primarily achieved by reducing enterprise costs, enhancing the market power of enterprises and increasing the intensity of domestic intermediate goods use.At the same time, whether enterprises participate in standard establishment, the transformation of export trade models, and the effect of market resource reallocation are also important factors influencing the export domestic value-added ratio.
This paper contributes to the existing literature in three aspects: First, we take a further step to explorethe impact mechanism of standard construction on the export domestic value-added ratio of China's manufacturing industry from the aspects of firm cost, market power and domestic intermediate goods input intensity. Second, different from the existing studies on standardization and standard governance focusing on using national-level or international standard data, we collate standards stock data at the manufacturing industry level. Third, we expand the analysis of the heterogeneous effects of standard construction on the export trade gains of Chinese micro-enterprises from multiple dimensions, including enterprise trade types, ownership types, and industry factor intensity. In further analysis, we examined the impact of whether enterprises participate in standard establishment, the conversion of export trade mode, and the effect of market resource reallocation effect on the export trade gains of manufacturing enterprises.
Our research, to a certain extent, reveals the internal mechanism of the establishment of standard to benefits the Chines enterprises gain in global production network trade. It emphasizes the critical role of standard establishment in supporting and guiding enterprise development, as well as enhancing the competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry. The above conclusions provide important policy insights and practical guidance for constructing a standardized system that promotes high-quality trade development, and for actively implementing the strategic development of the National Standardization Administration to enhance the competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry through standard construction.

The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposed to “promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy”, providing direction for the development of China's digital economy. In this context, enterprise digital transformation, as a core approach driven by data elements, is reshaping technological innovation models. However, most existing studies focus on the impact of single factors on technological innovation, neglecting the complexity of the synergistic effects between digital transformation and technological innovation input. This paper takes A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2022 as samples and systematically explores the synergistic effect of digital transformation and technological innovation input on enterprise technological innovation, aiming to reveal the dynamic interactive mechanism of data and technological elements and provide micro-level evidence for the integration of the digital and real economies.
This paper adopts a quantitative analysis method with data from databases such as CSMAR and CNRDS. Financial industry companies and those with missing data were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 24,235 observations. Technological innovation output is represented by the natural logarithm of the total number of patent applications. Digital transformation is quantified by text analysis of relevant word frequencies in corporate annual reports, while technological innovation input is measured by the ratio of R&D investment to total assets.
The results show that both digital transformation and technological innovation input significantly promote technological innovation output, confirming the existence of a synergistic effect. Endogeneity tests, including the instrumental variable method and propensity score matching (PSM), show robustness. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the synergistic effect is more pronounced in substantive technological innovation output than in strategic technological innovation output. The synergistic effect is stronger for exploratory technological innovation input, while exploitative technological innovation input is only effective when paired with digital transformation. Mechanism tests show that the synergistic effect is achieved through three paths: (1) Resource integration creates new production conditions. (2) Optimizing innovation networks promotes resource flow. (3) Digital transformation and technological innovation input form a virtuous cycle. Further research finds that the synergistic effect is most significant when digital transformation is low and technological innovation input is high.
This paper is innovative in three aspects. (1) It constructs a comprehensive framework to reveal the synergistic mechanism of data and technological elements, breaking the limitations of single-factor research. (2) It clarifies the differences in the effects of synergistic effects on different types of innovation through heterogeneity analysis. (3) It reveals the three-fold path of resource integration, network optimization, and dynamic circulation through mechanism tests. At the policy level, it is recommended that the government establish special funds and tax incentives to strengthen the synergistic mechanism, prioritize supporting exploratory innovation projects to promote their deep integration with digital transformation, build platforms for industry-academia-research cooperation to promote the sharing of innovation resources, and guide enterprises to formulate long-term innovation strategies with enhanced planning flexibility.This paper not only provides practical guidance for enterprises to optimize innovation resource allocation but also offers scientific evidence for policymakers to design differentiated support policies. By revealing the dynamic mechanism of the synergistic effect, this paper emphasizes the complementarity of digital transformation and technological innovation input, providing a clear path for enterprises to achieve technological breakthroughs in the digital wave.

In recent years, driven by the rapid development of the digital economy and social media, several “Internet celebrity” tourism cities have emerged in China by leveraging short-video platforms, new media dissemination, and consumption upgrade trends. These cities have quickly aggregated massive flows of both attention and visitors, triggering profound economic, social, and spatial transformations. However, despite the growing public interest in “Internet celebrity” tourism, existing literature has not systematically examined its impact on urban economic structure, particularly on cities' innovation capacity. In particular, the mechanisms through which digital attention and tourism heat embed themselves into urban innovation ecosystems remain under-theorized and empirically untested.
This paper uses a balanced panel of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2021, combined with the Baidu search index, to measure “Internet celebrity” tourism heat and analyze its effect on urban innovation outputs. Employing fixed-effects models and instrumental variable methods, this paper finds that tourism heat has a significantly positive impact on urban innovation, especially in non-invention patents such as utility models and design patents. This suggests that beyond short-term consumption booms, “Internet celebrity” tourism can activate market demand and boost economic vibrancy in ways that spur innovation. Mechanism tests reveal two primary channels: an innovation-demand response channel, whereby expanded market size strengthens firms' and local governments' incentives to invest in R&D; and an innovation-input supply channel, whereby tourism heat enhances a city's capacity to attract capital, talent, and other key innovation resources. Nonetheless, the stimulative effect on invention-type patents remains limited, largely because tourism heat alone is insufficient to secure high-skilled talent's long-term engagement, thereby constraining the accumulation of high-quality innovation. Further analysis shows that when a city's business environment and livability improve, the positive effect of tourism heat on high-end innovation gradually materializes.
Compared to existing studies, this paper makes two contributions. First, it introduces digital consumption and Internet celebrity-driven attention as novel drivers in the urban innovation framework, enriching the factors that shape innovation. Second, whereas most studies focus on tourism's role in economic growth and consumption upgrading, this paper shifts the lens to its impact on cities' long-term competitiveness, namely, their innovation capacity, thus filling a critical gap in relative literature.
Our findings shed light on how “Internet celebrity” tourism, at the intersection of the digital economy and urban governance, can bolster a city's soft power and drive regional innovation. This insight can help policymakers tailor culture and tourism integration strategies and innovation-oriented development plans, converting short-lived attention dividends into sustainable innovation dividends and thereby elevating cities from transient popularity to enduring competitiveness.

The investment behavior of rural collective economic organizations (RCEOs) is crucial for rural economic development, involving collective asset management, value appreciation, and member interest protection. With the reform of the rural collective property rights system, RCEOs have gained more autonomy in investment activities, but face legal challenges. This paper uses normative and case analysis methods to analyze investment forms, assets, decision-making procedures, and legal consequences of illegal investments, aiming to provide theoretical support for legal regulation of RCEOs' investment behavior.
As special legal entities, RCEOs manage collective assets, develop resources, and serve members. Their investments must comply with legal boundaries to ensure asset security and member rights. RCEOs can invest in companies, cooperatives, and other market entities through equity investments, but cannot assume liability.
The decision-making mechanisms for specific asset investments differ between the Rural Land Contracting Law, Land Administration Law, and the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law. After the implementation of the latter, relevant decisions should be made by RCEOs' member assemblies or representative meetings.
The Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law grants investment decision-making power to member assemblies or representative meetings, strictly limiting legal representatives' authority. Without proper resolutions, legal representatives cannot sign investment contracts. According to Article 20 of the Civil Code Contract Interpretation, if legal representatives exceed their authority and counterparties fail to exercise reasonable review, contracts are invalid for RCEOs. If RCEOs are at fault, they shall bear corresponding liability. If counterparties exercise reasonable review, apparent authority applies, making contracts valid for RCEOs.

Central documents such as the 14th Five-Year Plan attach great importance to the authorization operation of public data, viewing it as a key factor in the construction of an integrated data market. The authorization operation of public data, as an innovative system for open utilization of public data, is a process in which the government uses the market to release the value of data elements and provide public services under the public-private partnership model. This system combines administrative leadership and private law autonomy. Under the influence of the conventional theory of separation of public and private, there are one-sided views in academia on its legal attributes, such as the private law attribute view and the public law attribute view. Even mixed attribute viewpoints have the problem of incomplete argumentation. Legal attributes are a prerequisite for institutional construction. If the legal attributes cannot be accurately grasped, it will directly affect the institutional construction of the authorization operation of public data. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the legal attributes of the authorization operation of public data as a whole based on breaking the traditional theory of non-public or private. Following the value concept of public-private collaboration in the authorization operation of public data, this paper uses the German two-step theory as an analytical tool, divides the legal relationship of public-private mixture into two interrelated but different stages, and adopts different rules of nature to regulate it. Based on the doubts about the German two-step theory and the characteristics of the authorization operation of public data, the German two-step theory is revised and applied. It decomposes the authorization operation of public data into a two-stage legal structure consisting of the first stage with public law attributes and the second stage with mixed attributes. It constructs specific systems based on the public and private attributes at different stage. Research conclusions of this paper are as follows. In the allocation of power (rights), it is necessary to achieve a balance between empowerment and control. The first stage is to clarify the government's public data allocation authority and strengthen the government's responsibilities. In the second stage, it is necessary to standardize the exercise of administrative power and impose appropriate public law mandatory norms on the operating entities. In terms of supervision, it is necessary to establish a multi-subject co-governance model. The first stage focuses on handling the relationship between administrative supervision and market competition; the second stage is to build a trust-based collaborative supervision relationship between public and private entities. In terms of relief, it is necessary to break through the path dependence of a single attribute. In the first stage, we can establish a full-process administrative relief framework; in the second stage, we need to clarify the selection and application of civil and administrative remedies. The Innovation and policy implications are as follows. It uses the German two-step theory to analyze the legal attributes of public data authorization operations. Firstly, it introduces the German two-step theory into the analysis of the authorization operation of public data, expanding the application scope of the two-step theory and proving its adaptability. Secondly, by using a stage decomposition approach, the legal attributes of different stages become singular, simplifying the understanding of the mixed legal attributes of the authorization operation of public data, and facilitating subsequent institutional construction and policy promotion. Thirdly, the general understanding obtained from the analysis of the authorization operation of public data from the perspective of the two-step theory has a radiating effect on research on other open utilization public-private partnership systems of public data.

The spirit of pioneering, exploration, and innovation in traditional Chinese culture has provided a soil for industrial innovation. Along with the in-depth promotion of the integration of culture and tourism, the ideological concepts, humanistic spirit, and ethical norms of traditional culture have been continuously tapped and utilized to promote the innovation of tourism products and services, gradually forming a new driver for the high-quality development of the tourism industry. However, existing literature rarely studies the positive impact of intangible cultural heritage on tourism innovation and lacks a deep understanding of the specific role of intangible cultural heritage in innovation in the tourism industry.
Using data on China's intangible cultural heritage and regional tourism patents, this paper examines the impact of intangible cultural heritage on innovation in the tourism industry and finds that intangible cultural heritage can promote innovation in the tourism industry. The conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests using river density as an instrumental variable. The positive effects of intangible cultural heritage are more pronounced in the firms and regions with higher cultural diversity. Mechanism tests suggest that intangible cultural heritage can promote innovation in the tourism industry by increasing regional attractiveness and enhancing tourism market potential. In addition, the digital economy has a positive moderating effect in the process of intangible cultural heritage-enabled innovation in the tourism industry, in which the integration of cultural genres such as folklore, traditional music, traditional dances, musicals, traditional sports, amusement and acrobatics, traditional fine arts, and traditional arts and crafts, with the digital economy, has contributed to innovation in the tourism industry.
The contributions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, this paper empirically reveals the role of intangible cultural heritage in promoting the innovation of the tourism industry, and expands the research ideas of the high-quality development of the tourism industry from a cultural perspective. Secondly, the results show that the increase in regional attractiveness and the enhancement of tourism market potential are important ways for intangible cultural heritage to promote the innovation of the tourism industry, which deepens the understanding of the basic logic of intangible cultural heritage to promote the innovation of the tourism industry. Thirdly, it verifies the important position of the digital economy in the process of intangible cultural heritage exerting the innovation effect of tourism industry, clarifies the opportunities brought by the digital economy for the development of innovation and integration of intangible cultural heritage and tourism industry, and provides decision-making references for the tourism industry to promote the integration of culture, technology, and tourism.
The findings provide empirical evidence for the use of traditional culture to promote innovation in the tourism industry, which not only enriches relative literature in the field of culture and tourism integration but also has important theoretical insights and policy implications for the tourism industry to tap into the charm of traditional culture, accelerate the integration of culture and tourism, and promote the sustained development of the tourism industry.

The performance commitment mechanism has been widely adopted in China's corporate merger and acquisition (M&A) market, playing a positive role in mitigating information asymmetry, enhancing credibility, and preventing the expropriation of interests by controlling shareholders. However, it may also lead to incentive distortions and negative spillover effects. During the performance commitment period, the acquiree (promisor) and the acquirer (promisee) may struggle for control over the target company, or even improperly interfere with the company's operations and manipulate its performance to pursue private gains, triggering numerous disputes. However, existing legal research has primarily focused on the contractual aspects of performance commitments, overlooking their implications for corporate governance risks and resulting in judicial challenges in legal application.
This paper employs normative analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis to examine the conflicts of interest and power misallocation arising from the application of performance commitments in M&A transactions, proposing regulatory solutions. It reveals that performance commitment agreements possess dual attributes of contract law and organizational law. During the performance commitment period, the unique contractual arrangements result in a control inversion phenomenon where ownership of the target company vests with the promisee while “management power” remains with the promisor acting as the executive team. This structural misalignment incentivizes self-interested behavior and creates agency costs. To prevent corporate power from becoming a tool for private gain, contractual doctrines such as conditional performance and implied obligations may be invoked to establish that legal fictions shall apply when parties improperly facilitate the achievement/non-achievement of performance targets, and an implied obligation to assist shall be imposed on the promise. More importantly, it is essential to strengthen the integration between performance commitments and organizational law institutions such as fiduciary duties in corporation and securities disclosure requirements, constructing a systematic legal regulatory framework to balance the freedom of contract with the order of organizations.
The innovations of this paper are as follows. First, addressing the inherent conflict between restrictive clauses on shareholder voting rights in performance commitment agreements and the theory of inherent shareholder rights, it advocates distinguishing between the validity and enforceability of such clauses, guiding the validity of such “governance contracts”. Second, to mitigate governance risks in the target company during the commitment period, it proposes establishing fiduciary duties for controlling shareholders to prevent promisees from abusing shareholder rights to obstruct performance growth. Third, it introduces “fair value” and “fair price” standards to enhance fairness scrutiny in the valuation process of performance commitments. Fourth, it calls for differentiated regulation of performance commitments in listed company M&A and establishes a comprehensive disclosure mechanism to protect investor interests. In summary, this paper proposes a regulatory framework spanning contract law, corporate law, and securities law for performance commitments as a novel commercial contract, offering insights for corporate compliance and judicial adjudication while bridging the gaps between legal disciplines and advancing the construction of China's autonomous legal knowledge system.

The May Fourth New Literature Movement gave rise to the so-called the Liberation of Literature or the Consciousness of Literature, advocating that ancient Chinese Literature became independent from scholarship constraints since the Han and Wei dynasties, possessing pure aesthetic qualities devoid of utilitarianism. This perspective significantly influenced the study of classical Chinese literature, so that many literary genres and works from ancient China have been excluded from classical literary studies because they do not conform to modern literary standards. The emergence of anthologies or the establishment of ji-bu (category of anthologies) sections is often regarded by proponents of the Liberation of Literature as a sign of literary independence. Therefore, in modern literary theory, they are often considered as corresponding directly to literature.
Focusing on the Comprehensive Catalog of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions (四库全书总目) as the subject of study, this paper analyzes the discourse on stylistic analysis it employed when categorizing books, in order to scrutinize the internal logic guiding its classification of ji-bu sections. It further delves into the implicit relationship between literature and scholarship underlying this classification, thereby reflecting on the effectiveness of interpreting classical literature through the lens of the Liberation of Literature. The paper finds that classical Chinese texts are exceptionally complex, often encompassing multiple literary forms within a single work. When categorizing books, the General Catalogue of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions had to analyze the literary forms of the miscellaneous genre books and either offer normative criticisms or classify them based on the identified styles as expediently as possible. When distinguishing the styles of ji-bu sections, it often juxtaposed content elements such as philosophical ideas, historical events, and political systems as the heterogeneous counterparts of anthologies. Relevant books were included in the Classics, Histories, and Philosophies sections based on the prominence of their content values, thus highlighting the formal values of anthologies. Since content and form are inseparable in the phenomenal world, the establishment of anthologies and ji-bu sections epitomized the formal value, while the Classics, Histories, and Philosophies sections epitomized the content value. Therefore, the distinction between literature and scholarship merely epitomized the highlighting of formal value and content value from an abstract conceptual perspective. It implies that literature was a concept within the realm of form in ancient China, fundamentally unrestricted by content; in other words, any content could be fitted into the formal framework of literature. However, within the realm of written works, literature and scholarship still appeared as two sides of the same coin.
Therefore, the Liberation of Literature, as supported by the establishment of anthologies or ji-bu sections, does not correspond to the historical reality of the ancient concept of literature. In ancient China, literature was never independent in the field of phenomena; its independence within the realm of abstract concepts was evident when Confucius stated “without literary refinement, one cannot go far in life (言之无文,行而不远)” without needing to wait until the Han and Wei periods as some scholars suggest. The distinction between concepts and the classification of things is a completely different matter. Concepts are abstract, while things are concrete. Abstract concepts may have essential differences, but when applied to specific objects, they inevitably have two sides. However, when it comes to classifying things, one must distinguish between the two sides of these entities. The Liberation of Literature, based on the establishment of ji-bu sections, confused the nature of concepts and classifications in its approach.
Distinguished from existing reflections on the Liberation of Literature, which focus on the period of its emergence and the revelation of its intellectual origins, this paper takes a different approach. It conducts an in-depth analysis using the classical work of classical bibliography, the Comprehensive Catalogue of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions as a typical text. This paper reveals the inherent logic behind its classification of ji-bu sections and reevaluates the methods of argumentation in the Liberation of Literature from the perspective of bibliography. This paper provides a new perspective on reflecting on the nature of classical literature, which helps Chinese classical literary research break free from the constraints of Western romantic literary trends of modern times, enabling it to achieve a fusion of horizons.

The role of villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations is crucial in addressing grassroots conflicts, development delays, and unfair distribution. This paper explores the application pathways of villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations under Article 64 of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law. In China, the functions of villagers' committees and collective economic organizations have evolved from confusion to separation and coordination. Using normative and case analysis methods, this study clarifies the normative, rights, and application foundations for villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations.
Normatively, the legal basis for villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations can be traced to the General Principles of Civil Law and Land Administration Law. With the promulgation of the Civil Code and Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law, this system has been legally established. Article 64 of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law should be interpreted in the context of public-private law integration, clarifying rules on acting subjects, nature, content, and responsibilities to build a modern rural governance system.
Regarding the rights foundation, villagers' committees' authority stems from legal authorization to exercise collective economic organizations' economic functions, as they inherently lack such functions. The rights basis lies in collective ownership, with villagers' committees representing collective ownership to exercise management functions. The application foundation involves distinguishing functions of villagers' committees and collective economic organizations to construct an integrated rural governance structure.
In application, Article 64 allows villagers' committees to apply provisions of collective economic organizations when no collective economic organization exists. However, due to differences in organizational structure, function, and responsibility, such application requires adaptation considering special characteristics of villagers' committees. Specifically, when acting as collective economic organizations, villagers' committees should adapt the provisions of collective economic organizations based on their unique organizational positioning, structure, and responsibilities.