Against the background of the rapid development of the digital economy, Chinese residents' consumption behavior is deeply affected by both the digital divide and digital dividend, and is increasingly differentiated, with typically skewed distribution. To crack the current problem of consumption structure differentiation, expand domestic demand, and promote supply innovation with consumption upgrading, this paper, based on the 2015-2021 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data, constructs a cluster group quartile analysis model to measure the heterogeneous effects of the digital divide and the digital dividend on the groups with different consumption levels and types. It reveals the characteristics of the residents' consumption structure, the differentiation pattern under the influence of the digital divide, and the mitigating effect of the digital dividend on the negative shocks.
The findings indicate that the digital divide exerts a significant inhibitory effect on household total consumption, exhibiting a “U-shaped” pattern, with a greater inhibition effect observed among households with both low and high consumption levels. Conversely, the development of the digital economy effectively narrows the digital divide, thereby stimulating residents' consumption, particularly among households with medium consumption levels. Additionally, the impact of the digital divide varies significantly across different consumption types, with more pronounced effects on upgraded consumption behaviors such as transportation, education, and healthcare.
This study contributes to existing literature in two aspects. First, it departs from traditional research that examines the overall impact of the digital divide or the digital dividend on consumption by employing a cluster quantile analysis model to accurately reveal the differentiated effects on households with varying consumption levels and types. Second, this study incorporates regional disparities in the digital economy into its theoretical framework and utilizes a two-stage estimation method. This approach effectively mitigates the interference of environmental shocks on the identification of the digital divide's impact, ensuring the consistency and reliability of the estimation results and enabling more precise identification of both the inhibitory effect of the digital divide and the mitigating effect of the digital dividend on consumption.
By providing an accurate basis for policy formulation, this study offers valuable insights for the government to develop differentiated strategies for the digital economy and consumption stimulation policies. These measures can more effectively bridge the digital divide, unleash the digital dividend, and promote the optimization and upgrading of residents' consumption structure, as well as the coordinated development of the economy.

The innovative application and widespread adoption of digital technology have propelled the evolution of social development from a “traditional industrial society” to a state of “digital existence”. In the contemporary era, digital media technologies are increasingly permeating human life, with smartphones serving as the intermediary connecting humans to the world. This phenomenon has sparked reflections on the mode of digital existence and given rise to digital minimalism.
This paper delves into the practical measures of digital minimalism from the perspective of Marxist proletarian consciousness, employing the grounded theory methodology for research. It specifically addresses the following three questions: What commonalities exist between digital minimalism and Marxist proletarian consciousness? In what ways do they differ? How should the essence of digital minimalism be defined? The paper reveals the following findings: Firstly, digital minimalism's rejection of the repression of self-awareness and the alienated mode of production and life in capitalist society aligns with Marxism's critique of capitalism. Digital minimalism embodies certain characteristics of Marxist proletarian consciousness, sharing similar practical goals and methodological approaches. Secondly, digital minimalism seeks to reclaim “subjectivity” within the digital realm, which may otherwise be dominated by capital. However, constrained by real-life circumstances, it opts for “going offline” to evade capitalist domination, severing the material connections between the virtual and real worlds to avoid the “usurpation” of human labor by intelligent creations. Lastly, digital minimalism neither formulates a unified mode of life in the digital world nor constitutes a direct confrontation with capitalism. Moreover, its acts of resistance against digital capital do not exhibit thoroughness but oscillate between evasion and acceptance. This necessitates the awakening of proletarian consciousness to dispel digital minimalism's tendency to evade the production and lifestyle of digital capitalism, and elevate digital minimalism's critique of it through practical engagement.
Digital minimalism still explores the interactive relationship between humans and digital technologies. Compared to previous literature, this paper makes advancements in two aspects: Firstly, it investigates the logical connections between digital minimalism as a new form of social consciousness and Marxist proletarian consciousness, thereby expanding prior research on reflections on and subjective rejections of digital technology applications from a novel perspective. Secondly, in contrast to merely defining digital minimalism, this paper endeavors to provide a reasonable interpretation of digital minimalism practically and theoretically, such as its intrinsic causes and dynamic evolutionary trajectory. Consequently, this paper aims to focus on Marx's proletarian consciousness, elucidate the historical causes of the shift in the human-technology interaction inherent in digital minimalism, and explore how digital minimalism transitions from reliance on digital technologies to a path of subjective rejection and resistance.
Rooted in Marxist proletarian consciousness, this paper endeavors to elucidate the social relational structures embedded in digital minimalism and the human-technology interactions influenced by them from the perspectives of intrinsic causes and historical shifts. It offers practical and specific reference plans for the judicious use of digital technologies and products, assisting digital minimalists in reestablishing their dominance over the use of digital media technologies and returning the decision-making power of digital life to human hands.

In recent years, driven by the rapid development of the digital economy and social media, several “Internet celebrity” tourism cities have emerged in China by leveraging short-video platforms, new media dissemination, and consumption upgrade trends. These cities have quickly aggregated massive flows of both attention and visitors, triggering profound economic, social, and spatial transformations. However, despite the growing public interest in “Internet celebrity” tourism, existing literature has not systematically examined its impact on urban economic structure, particularly on cities' innovation capacity. In particular, the mechanisms through which digital attention and tourism heat embed themselves into urban innovation ecosystems remain under-theorized and empirically untested.
This paper uses a balanced panel of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2021, combined with the Baidu search index, to measure “Internet celebrity” tourism heat and analyze its effect on urban innovation outputs. Employing fixed-effects models and instrumental variable methods, this paper finds that tourism heat has a significantly positive impact on urban innovation, especially in non-invention patents such as utility models and design patents. This suggests that beyond short-term consumption booms, “Internet celebrity” tourism can activate market demand and boost economic vibrancy in ways that spur innovation. Mechanism tests reveal two primary channels: an innovation-demand response channel, whereby expanded market size strengthens firms' and local governments' incentives to invest in R&D; and an innovation-input supply channel, whereby tourism heat enhances a city's capacity to attract capital, talent, and other key innovation resources. Nonetheless, the stimulative effect on invention-type patents remains limited, largely because tourism heat alone is insufficient to secure high-skilled talent's long-term engagement, thereby constraining the accumulation of high-quality innovation. Further analysis shows that when a city's business environment and livability improve, the positive effect of tourism heat on high-end innovation gradually materializes.
Compared to existing studies, this paper makes two contributions. First, it introduces digital consumption and Internet celebrity-driven attention as novel drivers in the urban innovation framework, enriching the factors that shape innovation. Second, whereas most studies focus on tourism's role in economic growth and consumption upgrading, this paper shifts the lens to its impact on cities' long-term competitiveness, namely, their innovation capacity, thus filling a critical gap in relative literature.
Our findings shed light on how “Internet celebrity” tourism, at the intersection of the digital economy and urban governance, can bolster a city's soft power and drive regional innovation. This insight can help policymakers tailor culture and tourism integration strategies and innovation-oriented development plans, converting short-lived attention dividends into sustainable innovation dividends and thereby elevating cities from transient popularity to enduring competitiveness.

Chinese modernization has been presented to the international community as a new modernization path, which not only breaks the hegemony of Western modernization discourse but also lays the foundation for China's stronger discourse power in the world. After the 20th CPC national Congress, “Chinese modernization” has rapidly become a key entry point for international media to understand and interpret China's development path. However, there are not many studies presenting the international media's perception of the concept of Chinese modernization and its problems from the perspective of international communication, and in particular, there is a lack of in-depth exploration of the narrative factors and mechanisms that influence the formation of the perception and problems.
This paper adopts the narrative analysis method of narrative sociology for narrative “text” and narrative “action”, forming the analysis path of “from text to action”, from the examination of how the international media perceive the subject, action and object of Chinese modernization at the level of “text”, to the analysis of the narrator, narrative contexts, and narrative behaviour at the level of “action”. The LexisNexis is used as the basic index, and the official websites of media in 15 countries are used to search for reports on the concept of Chinese modernization. Through the chi-square test and the delineation of the feature words, this paper presents the narrative pictures and problems of the concept of Chinese modernization in the international media, thus clarifying the possible paths of narrative “action” influencing narrative “text”.
The paper finds that the divergent perceptions of the concept of Chinese modernization in different international media are a relatively obvious challenge, and the narrative “action” of the international media has an impact on the generation of narrative “text”. Specifically, different narrators have different perceptions of the subject of Chinese modernization; the nature of the practice of Chinese modernization is perceived differently in dynamic narrative contexts; and divergent narrative behaviors can lead to opposing perceptions of the significance of Chinese modernization in the media. Under this mechanism, the media in Western developed countries present Chinese modernization as a zero-sum game modernization dominated by elites that may endanger the development of other countries, while the media in developing countries in contrast tend to present Chinese modernization as a great practice of the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC to build a global community of shared future for the benefit of the whole people as the essence of the requirements.
Compared with previous literature, this paper is innovative in three ways. Firstly, it goes beyond the common “Chinese-Western” paradigm of international communication research to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the narrative of Chinese modernization in the international media. Secondly, unlike the previous static analysis of narrative texts, this paper goes from the narrative “text” to the narrative “action” to explore how the narrator, the narrative contexts, and other narrative “action” affect the narrative “text”. Thirdly, it refines and forms the innovative pathway of “from text to action” in the study of international narratives on the concept of Chinese modernization, emphasizing the strengthening of the “sense of reality” in the dialogue with social reality in the narrative analysis.
This paper summarizes the basic narrative factors and paths that influence the international media's perception and interpretation of the concept of Chinese modernization, which helps to establish an international communication discourse and narrative system with Chinese characteristics more accurately and comprehensively, and provides a new method and path for the study of the international narrative of the concept of Chinese modernization.

With the rapid development of the digital economy, new forms of unfair competition have become increasingly prevalent, posing obstacles to the innovative, healthy, and sustainable development of the economy. Against this backdrop, China is conducting the third revision of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, aiming to improve the rules for fair competition in the digital economy.
This paper highlights the threefold challenges of the implementation of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law due to the characteristics of the digital economy. First, the data element is non-exclusive, non-consumable, and replicable, presenting a severe challenge to the traditional competition rules system based on physical production elements. Second, the platform economy becomes more ecosystem-based, not only extending and intensifying platform monopolies but also making it harder to distinguish between monopolistic behaviors and unfair competition. Finally, hidden and complex algorithmic competition methods are widely used by operators, but they are difficult to regulate effectively in the current legal framework.
In response to these challenges, the first step is to address them at the institutional and regulatory level. First, the protection of data rights should be given high priority. Second, the rules for unfair competition in the platform economy should be improved to assist in the governance of platform-based competition. Third, the identification and liability rules for new forms of unfair competition should be clarified.
The application of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law in the digital economy should also pay attention to its coordination with related laws. In coordination with the Anti-Monopoly Law, it should be recognized that the Anti-Unfair Competition Law focuses on maintaining fair competition, while the Anti-Monopoly Law focuses on preserving a free competitive market structure. In coordinating with the E-Commerce Law, the general-special relationship between the Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the E-Commerce Law should be acknowledged, with priority given to the latter in the e-commerce field. In coordinating with the Personal Information Protection Law, the traditional barriers between departmental laws need to be broken, and a dynamic coordination mechanism should be established at the legislative, judicial, and regulatory levels. In coordination with the Cybersecurity Law, the boundaries between unfair competition behaviors and actions that endanger cybersecurity should be clarified, and a cross-departmental collaboration mechanism should be created to ensure that both data security and market competition order are protected.

“Persona” initially refers to the characterization of virtual characters in anime, novel, and other works, and then gradually extends to the labeling of celebrities or public figures, which mostly exists as a marketing tool. Bloggers who are active on short-video platforms pay attention to the presentation of “persona”. Many scholars have explored the persona to deeply understand the motivation and value of identity construction under the Internet traffic ecology. However, the existing research perspectives are scattered, without analyzing the influencing factors of persona shaping in a macroscopic and comprehensive way, and most of them stay in the discussion of static persona at a certain stage, without considering in-depth dynamic changes in the longitudinal axis of time.
This paper conducts in-depth interviews with 10 short-video bloggers, 5 MCN operation managers, and 18 short-video platform users. Based on the grounded theory, this paper uses NVivo12 to code the interview records at three levels, and analyzes the mechanism of short-video bloggers' persona shaping dynamics from four perspectives of platforms, MCN, bloggers, and users. It is found that the persona originates from the bloggers' self-consciousness, but is subject to the gaze of fans, visitors, MCN and platforms. Prompted by metacognition, bloggers integrate their self-consciousness with the gaze of others, and continuously carry out self-assessment, goal-setting, and planning adjustments to form a dynamic group structure. The goals of multiple parties are agreed upon under the commercial demands, resulting in a stable and phased composition of self-consciousness and the gaze of others. The availability of Internet technology provides the necessity and feasibility of interaction, and big data is used as a tool for the operation of a specific dynamic persona, thus forming the relationship between stability and dynamics of a certain stage of the persona. The notion of dynamic mechanism has the potential to explain the mechanism of persona formation, while reconstructing the labeled and symbolic commercial and social value of persona.
This paper expands on previous literature in the following three aspects. First, it returns to the more generalized subject of short-video bloggers, makes a more comprehensive multi-perspective exploration of the dynamics of persona shaping, and emphasizes the interconnections between different perspectives. Second, the persona discussed in this paper is dynamic, with certain growth under the joint effect of blogger subjectivity and the gaze of others at different time stages, which is more in line with the rapid development of social media. Third, this paper uses grounded theory to obtain first-hand data and strives for a more solid and in-depth study.
The persona shaping motivation framework constructed in this paper reveals the dynamic driving force of persona, and a persona that remains static for a long period of time is prone to produce a stereotypical effect in the process of communication, and even impedes the commercial and social value orientation of the persona. Persona has the value of subjectivity. It is necessary to seize the opportunity and meet the challenge under the demand of Internet traffic, use the dynamic driving force of persona to break the stereotype effect, and construct a good ethical order based on the short video platform, which will help strengthen the construction of network civilization and the guidance and governance of the network information content ecology.

通过充分挖掘 CGSS 和 CHIP两大数据库，采用跨时空双样本构建方法，显著增加有效数据量并从视角和度量两个主要维度综合考察中国社会的代际收入流动变迁。研究发现:(1)从全局性流动指标看，代际收入相对流动性呈现“60后较强、70后最强、80 后最弱"的特征，而代际收入绝对流动性呈现不断上升趋势。(2)从局部性流动指标看，虽然中国代际收入相对流动性到“80后"达到最弱，但底层群体向中层流动的机会依然保持在相对较高水平。结合我国流动性水平在国际上所处的位置分析得出，在确保相对流动性处于合理水平的前提下，继续努力促进绝对流动性的提升，是目前巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、积极迈向共同富裕的可行路径。

财政透明度作为政府政务公开的核心内容，是现代财政制度建设和国家治理能力提升的关键指标。以2015 年新《中华人民共和国预算法》实施这一重大制度变革为契机，构建准自然实验研究框架，系统考察财政透明度对企业税收遵从行为的影响效应及其内在作用机制。研究发现:(1)财政透明度的提升显著抑制了企业避税行为，验证了"更好的信息会带来更高的合规性"的理论预期。(2)机制分析表明，财政透明度通过提升政府行为合规性和增强公众对政府的信任促进企业税收遵从，但政府效率的中介效应不显著，反映出短期内透明度提升可能暴露原有低效问题。(3)异质性分析显示，财政透明度对企业避税行为的抑制作用在非国有企业、小规模企业、融资约束较低企业中更为显著，且对隶属地税征管的企业及经济欠发达地区的企业的避税行为具有更为显著的抑制作用。这些发现为完善现代财政制度提供了一定的政策启示:(1)进一步强化财政信息公开，通过数字化手段(如政务 App)提升信息可及性。(2)优化预算监督与问责机制，以合规性建设和公信力提升增强企业纳税意愿。(3)针对企业异质性实施差异化政策，例如对中小企业加强税收宣传，对欠发达地区优化财政支出透明度。

In recent years, selling goods through live-streaming has rapidly emerged as a form of digital labor, attracting an increasing number of individuals to become live-streamers. Existing research on Internet sales anchors has shed light on their labor processes and emotional practices, yet it has failed to address the causes of the trend of universal live-streaming sales. Therefore, this paper, based on the theoretical perspective of moral economy, employs two research methods, participatory observation and in-depth interviews, to delve into the deep-seated reasons behind the public's choice to engage in live-streaming sales.
To clarify the diversity and complexity of Internet sales anchors, this paper proposes a typological framework for these anchors based on class and income dimensions, categorizing existing anchors into four types: elite reproduction, grassroots reversal, middle-class confusion, and bottom-layer marginalization. Subsequently, this paper analyzes why and how the masses engage in live-streaming sales from three aspects: social context, external environment, and internal demands. It finds that live-streaming provides platforms and employment opportunities for Internet sales anchors, while national policy support and capital investment further expand the market for live-streaming sales. At the same time, interests, intentions, determination, and capabilities constitute the internal requirements for ordinary individuals to become Internet sales anchors. Moreover, a moral economy permeates the commodity value and social interactions in live-streaming sales. In commodity sales, a moral economy demands that Internet sales anchors provide more economical and affordable products as well as more friendly and equitable services. In social relationships, morality is utilized in competition among peers and in companies' control over the behavior of Internet sales anchors. Simultaneously, in the context of the attention economy, a moral economy plays a significant role, leading different types of Internet sales anchors to face two outcomes: moral capital appreciation and moral backlash.
Compared to previous studies, this paper makes contributions in the following aspects. First, it explores the typological framework of Internet sales anchors and the causes of the live-streaming sales trend from two intersecting dimensions, offering a novel perspective that expands upon existing research on Internet sales anchors. Second, unlike previous studies that focus on digital labor, this paper places greater emphasis on the role of morality in live-streaming sales. Through empirical analysis, it examines the different characteristics of morality in the commodity sales process and social interactions within live-streaming sales. Based on the presence of morality, it further explores the impact of moral economy on different types of Internet sales anchors.
Live-streaming sales serve as one of the most intuitive windows for understanding contemporary digital Chinese society. To some extent, this paper reveals the social motivations and moral economic logic behind the phenomenon of live-streaming sales. It provides a foundation for policy-makers to reflect more deeply on theory and reality from the perspective of moral economy in the context of the rapid development of the digital economy. By providing differentiated policy support for different types of Internet sales anchors, they can better navigate the challenges of rapid growth in the digital economy and explore sustainable development pathways for the live-streaming industry.

With the in-depth implementation of an innovation-driven development strategy, the economic development model has shifted from conventional factor-driven to technology innovation-driven growth, accompanied by a simultaneous rise in the professional skill requirements and wage levels of workers. As microeconomic entities in the market, businesses face not only the pressure of rising labor costs but also the necessity of optimizing their workforce structure to meet the demands of economic transformation. To align with the trends of the digital economy, businesses are inclined to apply digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) to harness data in driving business processes and facilitating the digital transformation and transformation of enterprises. As AI technology continues to expand its application scenarios within businesses, it is important to explore how AI technology affects labor investment efficiency, and how to leverage AI for further optimization of labor factor allocation efficiency.
Drawing on the data from Chinese listed companies between 2013 and 2023, this paper employs keyword matching and natural language processing techniques to assess AI technology application in enterprises and investigate the impact and mechanism through which AI technology influences labor investment efficiency. The research results demonstrate that AI technology significantly enhances labor investment efficiency in enterprises. Mechanism testing reveals that AI technology boosts labor investment efficiency by improving operational management efficiency, reducing information asymmetry, and optimizing the structure of labor resources. Heterogeneity testing indicates that the empowering effect of AI technology on labor investment efficiency is more pronounced in regions with weaker labor bargaining power and abundant labor supply, as well as in labor-intensive enterprises, declining enterprises, and companies in the digital industry.
The marginal contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it expands research on the economic consequences of AI technology at the enterprise level. Unlike existing studies, which primarily focus on the impact of AI technology on labor income share and labor productivity but lack in-depth discussion on its effect on corporate investment behavior from the perspective of labor factor allocation efficiency, this paper specifically examines how AI technology enhances labor investment efficiency within enterprises, thereby extending the scope of research on its economic impact. Second, this paper enriches empirical research on the factors influencing labor investment efficiency. In the transitional phase of economic development, improving labor investment efficiency becomes a critical issue for enterprises. As AI technology emerges as one of the most representative cutting-edge technologies, this paper addresses the issue through the lens of AI, offering new insights into the factors that shape labor investment efficiency in enterprises and contributing to existing literature in labor economics. Finally, the paper elucidates the mechanism through which AI technology influences labor investment efficiency in enterprises, identifying primary pathways such as improving operational management efficiency, reducing information asymmetry, and optimizing the structure of labor resources. Additionally, this paper explores the heterogeneous impact of AI technology on labor investment efficiency across different macro environments and enterprise characteristics. The findings provide more detailed empirical evidence to support enterprises in refining their AI strategies.
This paper develops a research framework to examine the impact of AI technology on labor investment efficiency in enterprises, providing governments with a decision-making foundation to formulate policies that guide enterprises in strategically integrating AI technology. Additionally, it offers practical insights for enterprises to enhance labor resource allocation efficiency through multidimensional application strategies.

Membership confirmation in rural collective economic organizations (RCEOs) is crucial for developing new rural collective economies and realizing collective ownership, directly affecting farmers' property rights and rural social stability. Focusing on the legal interpretation of membership confirmation lawsuits, this paper employs normative and case analysis methods to address procedural aspects, clarify judicial divergences, and discuss rules for membership confirmation lawsuits, aiming to provide theoretical support for proper law application.
Textual interpretation of Article 56(1) of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law reveals no additional conditions for filing lawsuits, implying that mere membership confirmation disputes can be filed without specific civil rights infringement. Membership confirmation lawsuits are declaratory actions, while member rights protection lawsuits are formative actions. Parties can file standalone declaratory actions or combine them with collective resolution revocation or payment requests.
For membership disputes, Article 56(1)'s “directly file with the people's court” indicates a civil rather than administrative litigation path, bypassing prior government processing. The Civil Case Cause Regulation should add “RCEO Membership Confirmation Disputes” as a tertiary cause under “Ownership Disputes”, preceding “RCEO Member Rights Infringement Disputes”. Article 56(1) of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law provides three paths: mediation, arbitration, and litigation, with membership disputes following non-agreement arbitration, optional arbitration, and post-arbitration litigation systems, where mediation and arbitration are not prerequisites for litigation.

When compiling Wenxuan, Xiao Tong not only selected the best works of ancient and modern times according to strict literary criteria but also made further selection of articles based on his complex personal value orientation. Wenxuan was a cultural project that the Liang royal family attaches great importance to. Xiao Tong, as a core member of the regime, presided over compiling Wenxuan; inevitably, there will be political factors in the editing work. Considering that there are a lot of political topics involved in the works of Wenxuan, this article only selects the talent issue, which has always been regarded as the most important political affair, to explore Xiao Tong's view of talent.
Through the selection of works, Xiao Tong emphasized that in various situations, rulers need to first consider the problem of talents and attach importance to the value of talents. Therefore, he listed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's imperial edicts on seeking talents in the section of practical writing (“Bi”) to highlight its importance. Given the situation that there were many talents in Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's era, Xiao Tong pointed out through selected works Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's “pursuing as if not satisfied” for all kinds of talents, and the attitude of employing only talents and not criticizing small mistakes. This technique of controlling people is even more obvious in a divided regime. It can be seen from the selected articles that Wenxuan slightly satirized the way of Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty to control people, but highly praised the wisdom of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty in treating the meritorious officials. This is in line with Xiao Tong's kind and generous character.
In the face of readers seeking progress in their official career, Xiao Tong pointed out the ideal goal of being an official through selected articles: Zhang Liang, an ancient person who served as the emperor's mentor. In the knowledge concept of the Middle Ages, Zhang Liang was the mentor granted by God to Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, and there are many works related to Zhang Liang in Wenxuan, which are filled with praise and admiration. In Xiao Tong's view, Wang Jian of Southern Qi could be called the emperor's mentor. In Wenxuan, the two emperors' mentors, one ancient and one “present”, are enough to serve as examples for later elites.
The mutual achievement of the king and the minister is certainly a good story, but throughout the ages, inside and outside the official circle, there have always been few people who appreciated talents, and many talents who cannot be appreciated. This truth has been clearly presented to scholars by Xiao Tong's selected works. Wenxuan has a category of “Shewen”, indicating that Xiao Tong believed that scholars in the face of the predicament of officials may wish to refute doubts and ridicule by asking themselves and answering themselves, and actively self-healing. If a scholar is extremely frustrated in his official career, he should not commit suicide, but should stay away from the world and live in seclusion. Xiao Tong especially appreciated Tao Yuanming, and there are a lot of Tao's reclusive poems and texts in Wenxuan, so we can understand his positive attitude towards the seclusion behavior of scholars.
This paper tries to reveal some other selection rules outside the literary scale by taking the selected articles of Wenxuan as the clue and the talent view as the starting point, which is conducive to deepening the academic circle's exploration of Wenxuan and Xiao Tong's literary view and governance thoughts, and plays a certain role in strengthening the integration and refinement of the study of mid-history literature.

全球北方发达国家重视自己的数字主权，努力捍卫并扩张其在威斯特伐利亚意义上的主权在数字空间的覆盖。与此同时，全球南方国家普遍还没有树立起全面的数字主权观念，但已经初步意识到:数字主权是国家主权的重要组成部分。为了更全面直观地呈现一国的数字主权独立自主水平，笔者设计了数字主权指数(DSI)这一度量指标体系，并期望围绕这一度量体系促进全球南方各国在数字主权问题上的对话与协作。

Administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation are the two core legal channels for resolving administrative disputes and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, or other organizations. Together, they form the main framework of China's administrative relief system. With the implementation of the newly revised Administrative Reconsideration Law of the People's Republic of China, the pattern of “big reconsideration, medium litigation, and small petition” is gradually taking shape, and the extensive application of reconsideration change decisions has led to corresponding adjustments in the judicial practice of the People's Courts.
At the theoretical level, the legality review of administrative litigation needs to be redefined, and it is necessary to reposition the review content. This not only involves the legality of administrative actions but also their rationality and appropriateness. Additionally, the review procedures and new types of cases should be repositioned and reconsidered. After the revision of the new law, change decisions have been placed in a more prominent position compared to revocation decisions, highlighting the role of reconsideration as the main channel. Additionally, the mechanism of separating cases based on complexity has significantly improved the efficiency of reconsideration.
To address these changes, at the practical level, the People's Courts should establish a hierarchical review approach in response to the challenges brought by the extensive application of reconsideration change decisions. This means that when reviewing administrative actions, different review standards and intensities should be adopted based on the specific circumstances of the case, properly balancing the modesty and finality of administrative litigation. At the same time, the application of the principle of proportionality should be emphasized to ensure that administrative actions, while pursuing public interests, do not infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, or other organizations. Moreover, the application of the “obviously inappropriate” standard should be properly interpreted to clarify its scope and conditions. To promote the comprehensive alignment of the case acceptance standards of reconsideration and litigation, the “minor modification” rule should also established. Additionally, a judicial confirmation mechanism for the factual findings of administrative reconsideration should be constructed to ensure that the factual findings in reconsideration decisions are effectively confirmed in litigation, thereby enhancing judicial efficiency. Moreover, exploring the establishment of an integrated dispute resolution procedure is an important direction. By integrating resources such as administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation, a joint force can be formed to resolve administrative disputes.
In terms of substantively resolving administrative disputes, a penetrating review approach should be actively employed to analyze the root causes of administrative disputes and propose practical solutions. The mediation and settlement system should be deepened, encouraging parties to resolve disputes through negotiation and mediation, reducing litigation costs and time. Additionally, multiple measures should be taken to promote source governance, preventing and reducing the occurrence of administrative disputes from the source. By establishing a long-term resolution mechanism, the growing judicial demands of the parties can be responded to, promoting the construction of a law-based government and achieving the substantive resolution of administrative disputes.

The spirit of pioneering, exploration, and innovation in traditional Chinese culture has provided a soil for industrial innovation. Along with the in-depth promotion of the integration of culture and tourism, the ideological concepts, humanistic spirit, and ethical norms of traditional culture have been continuously tapped and utilized to promote the innovation of tourism products and services, gradually forming a new driver for the high-quality development of the tourism industry. However, existing literature rarely studies the positive impact of intangible cultural heritage on tourism innovation and lacks a deep understanding of the specific role of intangible cultural heritage in innovation in the tourism industry.
Using data on China's intangible cultural heritage and regional tourism patents, this paper examines the impact of intangible cultural heritage on innovation in the tourism industry and finds that intangible cultural heritage can promote innovation in the tourism industry. The conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests using river density as an instrumental variable. The positive effects of intangible cultural heritage are more pronounced in the firms and regions with higher cultural diversity. Mechanism tests suggest that intangible cultural heritage can promote innovation in the tourism industry by increasing regional attractiveness and enhancing tourism market potential. In addition, the digital economy has a positive moderating effect in the process of intangible cultural heritage-enabled innovation in the tourism industry, in which the integration of cultural genres such as folklore, traditional music, traditional dances, musicals, traditional sports, amusement and acrobatics, traditional fine arts, and traditional arts and crafts, with the digital economy, has contributed to innovation in the tourism industry.
The contributions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, this paper empirically reveals the role of intangible cultural heritage in promoting the innovation of the tourism industry, and expands the research ideas of the high-quality development of the tourism industry from a cultural perspective. Secondly, the results show that the increase in regional attractiveness and the enhancement of tourism market potential are important ways for intangible cultural heritage to promote the innovation of the tourism industry, which deepens the understanding of the basic logic of intangible cultural heritage to promote the innovation of the tourism industry. Thirdly, it verifies the important position of the digital economy in the process of intangible cultural heritage exerting the innovation effect of tourism industry, clarifies the opportunities brought by the digital economy for the development of innovation and integration of intangible cultural heritage and tourism industry, and provides decision-making references for the tourism industry to promote the integration of culture, technology, and tourism.
The findings provide empirical evidence for the use of traditional culture to promote innovation in the tourism industry, which not only enriches relative literature in the field of culture and tourism integration but also has important theoretical insights and policy implications for the tourism industry to tap into the charm of traditional culture, accelerate the integration of culture and tourism, and promote the sustained development of the tourism industry.

Central documents such as the 14th Five-Year Plan attach great importance to the authorization operation of public data, viewing it as a key factor in the construction of an integrated data market. The authorization operation of public data, as an innovative system for open utilization of public data, is a process in which the government uses the market to release the value of data elements and provide public services under the public-private partnership model. This system combines administrative leadership and private law autonomy. Under the influence of the conventional theory of separation of public and private, there are one-sided views in academia on its legal attributes, such as the private law attribute view and the public law attribute view. Even mixed attribute viewpoints have the problem of incomplete argumentation. Legal attributes are a prerequisite for institutional construction. If the legal attributes cannot be accurately grasped, it will directly affect the institutional construction of the authorization operation of public data. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the legal attributes of the authorization operation of public data as a whole based on breaking the traditional theory of non-public or private. Following the value concept of public-private collaboration in the authorization operation of public data, this paper uses the German two-step theory as an analytical tool, divides the legal relationship of public-private mixture into two interrelated but different stages, and adopts different rules of nature to regulate it. Based on the doubts about the German two-step theory and the characteristics of the authorization operation of public data, the German two-step theory is revised and applied. It decomposes the authorization operation of public data into a two-stage legal structure consisting of the first stage with public law attributes and the second stage with mixed attributes. It constructs specific systems based on the public and private attributes at different stage. Research conclusions of this paper are as follows. In the allocation of power (rights), it is necessary to achieve a balance between empowerment and control. The first stage is to clarify the government's public data allocation authority and strengthen the government's responsibilities. In the second stage, it is necessary to standardize the exercise of administrative power and impose appropriate public law mandatory norms on the operating entities. In terms of supervision, it is necessary to establish a multi-subject co-governance model. The first stage focuses on handling the relationship between administrative supervision and market competition; the second stage is to build a trust-based collaborative supervision relationship between public and private entities. In terms of relief, it is necessary to break through the path dependence of a single attribute. In the first stage, we can establish a full-process administrative relief framework; in the second stage, we need to clarify the selection and application of civil and administrative remedies. The Innovation and policy implications are as follows. It uses the German two-step theory to analyze the legal attributes of public data authorization operations. Firstly, it introduces the German two-step theory into the analysis of the authorization operation of public data, expanding the application scope of the two-step theory and proving its adaptability. Secondly, by using a stage decomposition approach, the legal attributes of different stages become singular, simplifying the understanding of the mixed legal attributes of the authorization operation of public data, and facilitating subsequent institutional construction and policy promotion. Thirdly, the general understanding obtained from the analysis of the authorization operation of public data from the perspective of the two-step theory has a radiating effect on research on other open utilization public-private partnership systems of public data.

The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposed to “promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy”, providing direction for the development of China's digital economy. In this context, enterprise digital transformation, as a core approach driven by data elements, is reshaping technological innovation models. However, most existing studies focus on the impact of single factors on technological innovation, neglecting the complexity of the synergistic effects between digital transformation and technological innovation input. This paper takes A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2022 as samples and systematically explores the synergistic effect of digital transformation and technological innovation input on enterprise technological innovation, aiming to reveal the dynamic interactive mechanism of data and technological elements and provide micro-level evidence for the integration of the digital and real economies.
This paper adopts a quantitative analysis method with data from databases such as CSMAR and CNRDS. Financial industry companies and those with missing data were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 24,235 observations. Technological innovation output is represented by the natural logarithm of the total number of patent applications. Digital transformation is quantified by text analysis of relevant word frequencies in corporate annual reports, while technological innovation input is measured by the ratio of R&D investment to total assets.
The results show that both digital transformation and technological innovation input significantly promote technological innovation output, confirming the existence of a synergistic effect. Endogeneity tests, including the instrumental variable method and propensity score matching (PSM), show robustness. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the synergistic effect is more pronounced in substantive technological innovation output than in strategic technological innovation output. The synergistic effect is stronger for exploratory technological innovation input, while exploitative technological innovation input is only effective when paired with digital transformation. Mechanism tests show that the synergistic effect is achieved through three paths: (1) Resource integration creates new production conditions. (2) Optimizing innovation networks promotes resource flow. (3) Digital transformation and technological innovation input form a virtuous cycle. Further research finds that the synergistic effect is most significant when digital transformation is low and technological innovation input is high.
This paper is innovative in three aspects. (1) It constructs a comprehensive framework to reveal the synergistic mechanism of data and technological elements, breaking the limitations of single-factor research. (2) It clarifies the differences in the effects of synergistic effects on different types of innovation through heterogeneity analysis. (3) It reveals the three-fold path of resource integration, network optimization, and dynamic circulation through mechanism tests. At the policy level, it is recommended that the government establish special funds and tax incentives to strengthen the synergistic mechanism, prioritize supporting exploratory innovation projects to promote their deep integration with digital transformation, build platforms for industry-academia-research cooperation to promote the sharing of innovation resources, and guide enterprises to formulate long-term innovation strategies with enhanced planning flexibility.This paper not only provides practical guidance for enterprises to optimize innovation resource allocation but also offers scientific evidence for policymakers to design differentiated support policies. By revealing the dynamic mechanism of the synergistic effect, this paper emphasizes the complementarity of digital transformation and technological innovation input, providing a clear path for enterprises to achieve technological breakthroughs in the digital wave.

The study of illustrations in ancient Chinese fiction has emerged as a burgeoning academic field in recent years, yielding notable scholarly achievements through comprehensive explorations, case studies, or theoretical syntheses. Research scopes have expanded temporally from ancient to modern eras and geographically from domestic to international contexts. However, existing studies predominantly focus on summarizing universal patterns and theoretical frameworks of image creation, with limited attention to specific themes or unique visual motifs in fictional illustrations.
This paper investigates the distinctive metaphorical and literary functions of dream illustrations by examining their intrinsic correlation with domestic fiction of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Dream illustrations not only predominantly appear in domestic fiction but also exhibit uniquely “domesticated” visual characteristics. Grounded in the textual narratives of such fiction, these illustrations depict worldly themes such as romantic relationships, human destiny, and moral dilemmas. Moreover, they demonstrate interpretive agency by reimagining domestic characters and scenarios, utilizing a dual visual structure-“within the dream” and “outside the dream”-to amplify, deepen, and extend the fiction's thematic concerns. As paratexts, dream illustrations play a pivotal role in facilitating the reading and dissemination of the texts, further accentuating their domestic narratives. The emergence of this “human relationship” phenomenon in dream illustrations stems from the cumulative cultural consciousness of dreams, the flourishing of dream imagery in art, and the ethos of emotionalism prevalent in Ming and Qing intellectual culture.
This paper innovates in two key aspects. First, it identifies the visual markers and stylistic conventions of dream illustrations. These works employ cloud and mist motifs as visual boundaries, dividing the image into “dream” (within the motifs) and “reality” (the dreamer outside), thereby forming a stylized visual formula: dreamer + cloud motifs + dream scene. Second, it explores how dream illustrations uniquely interpret domestic fiction through polysemous imagery, particularly through dual character portrayals and spatial configurations of “dream” and “reality”, while guiding readers by highlighting pivotal narrative moments and moral didacticism.
The significance of this paper lies in its in-depth analysis of a specific illustrative genre within a distinct literary tradition. By revealing the unique compositional logic and thematic synergy between dream illustrations and domestic narratives, it contributes to advancing personalized approaches in the study of premodern Chinese fictional illustrations.

The investment behavior of rural collective economic organizations (RCEOs) is crucial for rural economic development, involving collective asset management, value appreciation, and member interest protection. With the reform of the rural collective property rights system, RCEOs have gained more autonomy in investment activities, but face legal challenges. This paper uses normative and case analysis methods to analyze investment forms, assets, decision-making procedures, and legal consequences of illegal investments, aiming to provide theoretical support for legal regulation of RCEOs' investment behavior.
As special legal entities, RCEOs manage collective assets, develop resources, and serve members. Their investments must comply with legal boundaries to ensure asset security and member rights. RCEOs can invest in companies, cooperatives, and other market entities through equity investments, but cannot assume liability.
The decision-making mechanisms for specific asset investments differ between the Rural Land Contracting Law, Land Administration Law, and the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law. After the implementation of the latter, relevant decisions should be made by RCEOs' member assemblies or representative meetings.
The Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law grants investment decision-making power to member assemblies or representative meetings, strictly limiting legal representatives' authority. Without proper resolutions, legal representatives cannot sign investment contracts. According to Article 20 of the Civil Code Contract Interpretation, if legal representatives exceed their authority and counterparties fail to exercise reasonable review, contracts are invalid for RCEOs. If RCEOs are at fault, they shall bear corresponding liability. If counterparties exercise reasonable review, apparent authority applies, making contracts valid for RCEOs.

The performance commitment mechanism has been widely adopted in China's corporate merger and acquisition (M&A) market, playing a positive role in mitigating information asymmetry, enhancing credibility, and preventing the expropriation of interests by controlling shareholders. However, it may also lead to incentive distortions and negative spillover effects. During the performance commitment period, the acquiree (promisor) and the acquirer (promisee) may struggle for control over the target company, or even improperly interfere with the company's operations and manipulate its performance to pursue private gains, triggering numerous disputes. However, existing legal research has primarily focused on the contractual aspects of performance commitments, overlooking their implications for corporate governance risks and resulting in judicial challenges in legal application.
This paper employs normative analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis to examine the conflicts of interest and power misallocation arising from the application of performance commitments in M&A transactions, proposing regulatory solutions. It reveals that performance commitment agreements possess dual attributes of contract law and organizational law. During the performance commitment period, the unique contractual arrangements result in a control inversion phenomenon where ownership of the target company vests with the promisee while “management power” remains with the promisor acting as the executive team. This structural misalignment incentivizes self-interested behavior and creates agency costs. To prevent corporate power from becoming a tool for private gain, contractual doctrines such as conditional performance and implied obligations may be invoked to establish that legal fictions shall apply when parties improperly facilitate the achievement/non-achievement of performance targets, and an implied obligation to assist shall be imposed on the promise. More importantly, it is essential to strengthen the integration between performance commitments and organizational law institutions such as fiduciary duties in corporation and securities disclosure requirements, constructing a systematic legal regulatory framework to balance the freedom of contract with the order of organizations.
The innovations of this paper are as follows. First, addressing the inherent conflict between restrictive clauses on shareholder voting rights in performance commitment agreements and the theory of inherent shareholder rights, it advocates distinguishing between the validity and enforceability of such clauses, guiding the validity of such “governance contracts”. Second, to mitigate governance risks in the target company during the commitment period, it proposes establishing fiduciary duties for controlling shareholders to prevent promisees from abusing shareholder rights to obstruct performance growth. Third, it introduces “fair value” and “fair price” standards to enhance fairness scrutiny in the valuation process of performance commitments. Fourth, it calls for differentiated regulation of performance commitments in listed company M&A and establishes a comprehensive disclosure mechanism to protect investor interests. In summary, this paper proposes a regulatory framework spanning contract law, corporate law, and securities law for performance commitments as a novel commercial contract, offering insights for corporate compliance and judicial adjudication while bridging the gaps between legal disciplines and advancing the construction of China's autonomous legal knowledge system.

银行数字化转型是否能提高企业风险承担对于实现创新驱动发展战略至关重要。以2013-2021年期间我国上市公司以及给这些上市公司信贷的商业银行为研究样本，实证检验商业银行数字化转型对上市企业风险承担的影响，结果显示，银行数字化转型能发挥“治理效应"和“资源效应”，从而提高企业风险承担水平，这一影响主要由银行的战略数字化和管理数字化转型驱动。特别地，在外部金融科技发达而自身数字化创新能力较弱的企业，银行数字化转型对其风险承担具有更显著的影响。进一步研究还发现，银行数字化转型下的企业，其风险承担水平与企业创新投入及企业价值之间存在显著的正相关性。

The role of villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations is crucial in addressing grassroots conflicts, development delays, and unfair distribution. This paper explores the application pathways of villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations under Article 64 of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law. In China, the functions of villagers' committees and collective economic organizations have evolved from confusion to separation and coordination. Using normative and case analysis methods, this study clarifies the normative, rights, and application foundations for villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations.
Normatively, the legal basis for villagers' committees acting as collective economic organizations can be traced to the General Principles of Civil Law and Land Administration Law. With the promulgation of the Civil Code and Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law, this system has been legally established. Article 64 of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Law should be interpreted in the context of public-private law integration, clarifying rules on acting subjects, nature, content, and responsibilities to build a modern rural governance system.
Regarding the rights foundation, villagers' committees' authority stems from legal authorization to exercise collective economic organizations' economic functions, as they inherently lack such functions. The rights basis lies in collective ownership, with villagers' committees representing collective ownership to exercise management functions. The application foundation involves distinguishing functions of villagers' committees and collective economic organizations to construct an integrated rural governance structure.
In application, Article 64 allows villagers' committees to apply provisions of collective economic organizations when no collective economic organization exists. However, due to differences in organizational structure, function, and responsibility, such application requires adaptation considering special characteristics of villagers' committees. Specifically, when acting as collective economic organizations, villagers' committees should adapt the provisions of collective economic organizations based on their unique organizational positioning, structure, and responsibilities.

As an important writer in Chinese literary history who combined ideological depth with artistic originality, the establishment of Gong Zizhen's status as the “pioneer of modern literature” went through a long-term construction process in academic circles from the late Qing Dynasty to the contemporary era. This process not only reflects the transformation of Chinese literary research paradigms but also highlights the interpretive possibilities of Gong Zizhen's works in different historical contexts.
During and shortly after Gong Zizhen's lifetime, his literary achievements were already recognized by his relatives and friends, as well as the academic community. However, there was a significant discrepancy in the evaluation of his poetry, prose, and ci (lyric poetry) at that time: His prose and ci were highly regarded, while his poetry was neglected. This reflects the lag in the canonization process of Gong's poetry during the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods.
In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, the continuous promotion by the Song Poetry School, the Poetic Revolution School, and the Nanshe (南社) elevated the status of Gong's poetry above his prose and ci. The Song Poetry School regarded Gong's poetry as the culmination of the poetic tradition of the Song Dynasty, represented by figures like Han Yu and Huang Tingjian. The Poetic Revolution School admired Gong's prose for its practical governance thoughts, and Huang Zunxian even imitated Miscellaneous Poems Written in the Jihai Year (己亥杂诗) to create 89 poems of the same title. The Southern Society particularly commended the intense style of Gong's poetry and launched a large-scale movement to compile his poems, shaping his image as a classic poet.
Huang Ren, in A History of Chinese Literature, first positioned Gong Zizhen as an enlightening figure who broke through the “ambiguous period” of Qing Dynasty literature. In the proposed chapter on the Qing Dynasty, he listed Gong Zizhen as the first writer of the Daoguang reign, essentially regarding him as the beginning of modern literature. However, most literary history works in the first half of the 20th century did not continue this approach.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the research paradigm of “old and new democratic revolutionary literature” promoted the establishment of Gong Zizhen's status as the “pioneer of modern literature”. The 1957 Teaching Outline for the History of Chinese Literature took him as the opening figure of modern literature, emphasizing his “enlightened” and “patriotic” thoughts and his premonition of social upheavals. The History of Chinese Literature edited by You Guoen explicitly called him the “pioneering writer of modern literature”, and works by scholars such as Liu Dajie and Guo Yanli further strengthened this positioning, arguing that he embodied both ideological enlightenment and literary innovation.
The establishment of Gong Zizhen's status in literary history is essentially a product of the construction of the modern literature discipline. From Huang Ren first conferring on him the identity of an enlightener of modern literature to the academic positioning based on revolutionary theory after 1949, this process not only reflects the changes in academic paradigms across different eras but also reveals the dual dimensions of ideologism and timeliness in the construction of literary canons. The final establishment of his image as a “pioneer” not only completes the integration of his diverse literary achievements but also lays the historical foundation for the study of modern literature, holding important significance for the history of the discipline.

The May Fourth New Literature Movement gave rise to the so-called the Liberation of Literature or the Consciousness of Literature, advocating that ancient Chinese Literature became independent from scholarship constraints since the Han and Wei dynasties, possessing pure aesthetic qualities devoid of utilitarianism. This perspective significantly influenced the study of classical Chinese literature, so that many literary genres and works from ancient China have been excluded from classical literary studies because they do not conform to modern literary standards. The emergence of anthologies or the establishment of ji-bu (category of anthologies) sections is often regarded by proponents of the Liberation of Literature as a sign of literary independence. Therefore, in modern literary theory, they are often considered as corresponding directly to literature.
Focusing on the Comprehensive Catalog of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions (四库全书总目) as the subject of study, this paper analyzes the discourse on stylistic analysis it employed when categorizing books, in order to scrutinize the internal logic guiding its classification of ji-bu sections. It further delves into the implicit relationship between literature and scholarship underlying this classification, thereby reflecting on the effectiveness of interpreting classical literature through the lens of the Liberation of Literature. The paper finds that classical Chinese texts are exceptionally complex, often encompassing multiple literary forms within a single work. When categorizing books, the General Catalogue of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions had to analyze the literary forms of the miscellaneous genre books and either offer normative criticisms or classify them based on the identified styles as expediently as possible. When distinguishing the styles of ji-bu sections, it often juxtaposed content elements such as philosophical ideas, historical events, and political systems as the heterogeneous counterparts of anthologies. Relevant books were included in the Classics, Histories, and Philosophies sections based on the prominence of their content values, thus highlighting the formal values of anthologies. Since content and form are inseparable in the phenomenal world, the establishment of anthologies and ji-bu sections epitomized the formal value, while the Classics, Histories, and Philosophies sections epitomized the content value. Therefore, the distinction between literature and scholarship merely epitomized the highlighting of formal value and content value from an abstract conceptual perspective. It implies that literature was a concept within the realm of form in ancient China, fundamentally unrestricted by content; in other words, any content could be fitted into the formal framework of literature. However, within the realm of written works, literature and scholarship still appeared as two sides of the same coin.
Therefore, the Liberation of Literature, as supported by the establishment of anthologies or ji-bu sections, does not correspond to the historical reality of the ancient concept of literature. In ancient China, literature was never independent in the field of phenomena; its independence within the realm of abstract concepts was evident when Confucius stated “without literary refinement, one cannot go far in life (言之无文,行而不远)” without needing to wait until the Han and Wei periods as some scholars suggest. The distinction between concepts and the classification of things is a completely different matter. Concepts are abstract, while things are concrete. Abstract concepts may have essential differences, but when applied to specific objects, they inevitably have two sides. However, when it comes to classifying things, one must distinguish between the two sides of these entities. The Liberation of Literature, based on the establishment of ji-bu sections, confused the nature of concepts and classifications in its approach.
Distinguished from existing reflections on the Liberation of Literature, which focus on the period of its emergence and the revelation of its intellectual origins, this paper takes a different approach. It conducts an in-depth analysis using the classical work of classical bibliography, the Comprehensive Catalogue of the Imperial Collection of Four Divisions as a typical text. This paper reveals the inherent logic behind its classification of ji-bu sections and reevaluates the methods of argumentation in the Liberation of Literature from the perspective of bibliography. This paper provides a new perspective on reflecting on the nature of classical literature, which helps Chinese classical literary research break free from the constraints of Western romantic literary trends of modern times, enabling it to achieve a fusion of horizons.

Higher education plays a leading role in constructing an education-oriented, powerful nation. This is reflected not only in the rational scale and quality improvement of higher education but also in its support and leadership in the regional economy and innovative development. As the scale of higher education continues to expand, the spatial layout of higher education is gradually breaking away from the single-centered structure of large regional cities, starting to move beyond the conventional layout characterized by provincial capitals and central cities as the only poles, and gradually extending to a multi-centered spatial structure. However, existing literature does not provide a clear conclusion on whether a multi-centered structure of higher education layout is more beneficial for its role in regional innovation. This issue requires attention from academia.
This paper selects panel data from 252 cities in China and satellite nighttime light data from the National Geophysical Data Center of the United States. Drawing from the methods of Xu et al. (2021), it constructs a spatial structure index reflecting the layout of higher education at the provincial level. A two-way fixed effects model and instrumental variables method are used to examine the possible relationship between the spatial structure of provincial higher education layout and urban economic growth, selecting topographic variation and exchange rate composition as instrumental variables for endogeneity testing and identification. The empirical research shows that the multi-centered structure of provincial higher education layout has a “U”-shaped impact on urban economic growth, showing a pattern of initial suppression followed by subsequent enhancement, and the results are robust. Increasing the degree of the multi-centered structure ultimately promotes sustained urban economic growth; urban innovation is the core mechanism through which this spatial structure affects urban economic growth. The multi-centered structure of provincial higher education layout has a more pronounced promotional effect on economic growth in secondary cities with lower levels of economic development. Based on these findings, this paper proposes the following suggestions: We should moderately promote a multi-centered layout of higher education in regional spatial distribution, leverage the head effect of regional center cities, highlight the comparative advantages of secondary cities based on regional endowments, and improve urban innovation performance. These are effective paths for promoting reasonable urban economic growth.
Compared to existing literature, this paper makes the following expansions. Firstly, in terms of research content, it enriches relevant studies on urban economic growth from the perspective of the spatial structure of higher education layout. Secondly, theoretically, it attempts to incorporate spatial perspectives into the analytical framework of educational economics to broaden the analytical scope of related research. Thirdly, in terms of empirical research, the paper constructs instrumental variables based on exchange rates and provinces, aiming to address potential endogeneity issues and provide possible instrumental variable choices for research on higher education layout.
This paper offers a beneficial perspective for optimizing the spatial layout structure of higher education and clarifying the mechanisms through which higher education spatial layout impacts urban innovation and promotes reasonable urban economic growth. It provides empirical evidence to assist national and local governments in optimizing the spatial layout of regional higher education.

During the Edo period of Japan, the Yomihons Gundan of Guoxingye in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gundan of Taiwan and Ehon of Guoxingye are historical books on the theme of the Guoxingye, with rich volumes and a large number of books. They had a great influence at that time. At present, relative research focuses on the Battle of the Guoxingye, and there is little research on these three historical education Yomihons that spread for more than 100 years during the Edo period and covered the upper class to the common people, and ignores the fact that the Yomihons in Meiji are rearranged versions of these three Yomihons.
By comparing the contents of the Gundan of Guoxingye in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Gundan of Taiwan with the original texts, and comparing them with other related Chinese novel texts, this paper analyzes the stitching logic of the Ehon of Guoxingye co-edited by these two Yomihons a hundred years later, combined with the creation of 21 Gundan and later Yomihons in Edo, aiming to gain an in-depth understanding of the book nature, creative intention, and purpose of the renovation of these three Yomihons. Based on clarifying the original text, combined with the theory of comparative literary iconography, this paper analyzes the degree, method, and illustrations of the three Yomihons, thus exploring the techniques and purposes of the readers to shape Zheng Gongcheng and change the theme of the original text. On this basis, combined with the theory of covert progression and the theory of literary imagery, this paper analyzes the two covert progression processes of text and illustrations intertextual interpretation, and reveals the fundamental logic that shapes Zheng Chenggong and the influence of reader education.
This paper expands on previous studies in the following four aspects. First, it discusses three historical Yomihons that have not been paid attention to by existing research but have a large number of actual readers and conducts an in-depth analysis of the texts. Second, it is pointed out that in addition to the Establishment of the Qing Dynasty and historical materials examined by the predecessors, the original text of Gundan of Guoxingye in Ming and Qing Dynasties has in fact been revised and adapted from more than a dozen novels, such as The Northern History of the Late Ming Dynasty, The Southern History of the Late Ming Dynasty, The Record of Loyalty and Bravery in Liaodong, and The Chronicles of the Middle Ming Dynasty. Third, it is pointed out that the Yomihons achieve the narrative effect of “seventy percent fiction and thirty percent historical materials” through the translation and modification of the “seventy percent historical materials and thirty percent fiction” of Chinese historical materials and novels, and these Yomihons grafted the deeds of figures like Xiong Tingbi and Li Chengdong onto the Zheng family, shaped them as loyal ministers, military gods and sea overlords. Fourth, this paper discusses the intertextual interpretation of the text and the illustrations and points out that the text of Yomihons has influenced the history education from the upper class to the common people by promoting the two covert progression processes composed of the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Wa, Guoxingye, and Dayuan, as well as the intertextual interpretation of illustrations.
Based on textual analysis, this paper clarifies the background of the text, explores the way in which the “seventy percent fiction and thirty percent historical materials” of the text shape Zheng Chenggong, and reveals the implicit narrative process of intertextual interpretation of text and illustrations. It is helpful to trace the formation and reception of the narrative from Edo to the late Qing Dynasty, clarify the creative intention and reader education of the three Yomihons in the period of Edo, and point out the influence of the circulation of the books on the understanding and shaping of Zheng Gongcheng by modern Chinese literati.

The issue of insufficient domestic demand has become one of the key constraints to China's sustainable economic development. The government has repeatedly emphasized the need to increase the proportion of workers' wages in the initial distribution to expand domestic demand and enhance the fundamental role of consumption in economic growth. However, under the market economy, direct government intervention to raise workers' wages is unrealistic, and collective wage consultations alone are far from sufficient, so collective bargaining on wages is indispensable.
To implement collective bargaining on wages, a fundamental issue must be solved: What to do if an agreement cannot be reached? Influenced by the traditional logic of the “three rights of labor”, the prevailing view in academia is to empower workers with the right to collective action, forcing employers to compromise through negotiation. However, this approach is evidently unrealistic for China, which is fraught with unpredictability; more importantly, it is unnecessary. Many other countries have established a final offer arbitration (FOA) system to resolve the predicament faced by public sector employees who want wage raises but cannot organize collective action. This system effectively addresses the question of “what to do if an agreement cannot be reached”, avoids the dangers of collective action, and is relatively easy to implement, making it a worthwhile reference.
FOA, also known as “all or nothing” arbitration, is based on economist Nash's game theory. Its basic operational model involves both parties submitting a final offer to the arbitration panel after unsuccessful preliminary negotiations. The arbitration panel can only choose one of the two offers, with no possibility for compromise or modification. As the panel must select one offer, the fixed and limited power creates a situation of “all or nothing”, compelling both parties to negotiate in good faith and rationally. According to international practice, this system has proven effective, significantly raising laborers' wage levels while greatly easing labor-management tensions, and minimizing various forms of collective action. Furthermore, since this system substantially lowers the requirements of organizational and negotiation ability for unions, it aids in addressing the issue of “who should negotiate” in China.
Specific operational details of the FOA system include: (1) It is limited to interest disputes, as rights disputes can only be resolved through conventional arbitration or litigation; (2) Applications must be submitted by grassroots trade unions or collectives of workers meeting a certain threshold; (3) Applications may only be made when employers refuse to negotiate or when negotiations reach an impasse or breakdown; (4) Arbitrators should primarily be industry experts, supplemented by legal professionals, as legal-only practitioners may not be adequate; (5) Due to the typically broad impact of such disputes and the high standards required of arbitrators, arbitration commissions should be established at or above the municipal level.

State-funded companies are an important driver for the high-quality development of the socialist market economy. Currently, nearly all state-funded companies operate as members of a corporate group, and their business decisions are inevitably influenced by the group's unified control. However, legal frameworks lack specific provisions addressing state-funded corporate groups or corporate groups in general. While many scholars have argued for the recognition of corporate group structures, few have approached the issue from the perspective of state-funded enterprises.
This paper examines the contrast between institutional norms and practical realities within state-funded corporate groups. Institutionally, these groups, as private law entities, are subject to company law principles based on the independent legal personality of individual firms. In practice, however, the role of state investors embeds public authority within these companies, often breaching the private law boundaries in both institutional logic and execution. Furthermore, “control rights”-a key rationale for the existence of corporate groups-are inherently present among member companies. When such control manifests in top-down directives covering “people, property, goods, production, supply, and marketing”, it threatens the autonomy and legal independence of group subsidiaries.
To address these tensions, this paper proposes transitioning group control rights from contractual arrangements to statutory authority, affirming the legitimacy of non-shareholding-based control within corporate groups. In line with the unique characteristics of state-funded companies, the study combines the principle of “entity transparency” with a tiered classification approach to define the scope of public law attributes. This paper further develops concrete rules for the construction of group-level control rights: “decision-making control” is identified as the core subject. For commercial subsidiaries, the controlling company's shareholders' meetings may participate in major decisions via “voting rights traversal”. For decisions handled by boards and management teams of commercial subsidiaries, as well as decisions in public welfare subsidiaries, directive-based unified control mechanisms may be employed. Additionally, “independence of property” is identified as a fundamental safeguard of the legal personality of subsidiaries. Accordingly, controlling companies should bear responsibilities for compensation and substitution when such unified control affects subsidiary autonomy.
Centered on the governance of control rights within state-funded corporate groups, the institutional framework constructed in this paper provides a legal path to incorporate politically regulated reforms, such as categorized reform and the state capital authorization and management reform, into normative legal structures. This contributes to strengthening the organizational capacity, functional focus, and core competitiveness of various types of state-funded corporate groups.

This paper explores the new development of the “unified view of poetry and painting” concept in the Song Dynasty. Its core issue is how the poetic philosophy of “usurping Creation” (夺造化) from the mid-Tang Han-Meng School was received by Song literati and penetrated the realm of painting, thereby reshaping the traditional relationship between poetry and painting. The significance lies in its uncovering of the profound intellectual-historical dynamics driving the evolution of art theory in the Song Dynasty, complementing previous scholarly perspectives that have focused on the evolution of painting techniques.
This paper primarily employs cross-genre and interdisciplinary methods of textual analysis and intellectual-historical inquiry. By tracing the evolving trajectory of the key term “usurping Creation” through Tang and Song poetry, “notebook fiction” (such as the transformation of the Han Xiangzi story in Youyang zazu (酉阳杂俎) and Qingsuo gaoyi (青琐高议), official treatises on painting (like Xuanhe huapu (宣和画谱) and Huaji (画继) and poems inscribed on paintings, this paper reconstructs the specific paths and conditions under which a poetic idea was transformed into a concept within painting theory.
The research process unfolds in three progressive stages. First, this paper examines the process by which the “usurping Creation” concept evolved from a sporadic poetic expression in the Tang Dynasty into a core criterion of painting theory in the Song Dynasty. Second, it links the cause of this phenomenon to the cultural trend of “Revering Han Yu” in the Northern Song, arguing that it was the admiration for the spirit of Han Yu's poetry that reactivated and disseminated the “usurping Creation” idea, while Ouyang Xiu's discourse theoretically established the connection of poetry and painting in “vying with Creation in ingenuity” (与造化争巧). Finally, through an analysis of painting practices such as Gaoxuan Guotu (高轩过图) and Shiding Lianju Tu (石鼎联句图), it specifically elucidates how this new concept guided painters in tackling the bizarre and unconventional poetry traditionally considered “unpaintable”.
This paper reaches the following conclusions and main arguments. First, the rise of the “usurping Creation” concept in the field of Song Dynasty painting was fundamentally driven by the revival and dissemination of the mid-Tang poetic philosophy of the same name. Second, the introduction of this concept elevated the theoretical foundation of the “unified view of poetry and painting” from the traditional “learning from Creation” (师造化), based on representational ability, to “usurping Creation”, based on creative power. Third, this led to the emergence of a new paradigm-“There is painting in Changli Gong's poems” (“昌黎公诗中有画”)-which stands in stark contrast to the model of “There is painting in Mojie's poems” (“摩诘诗中有画”). It sought to create sensory shock in the viewer through a bizarre and innovative style, rather than the elegant pleasure pursued by traditional poetic painting. Fourth, to achieve this aesthetic goal, Song Dynasty painters of poetic themes made significant technical innovations, such as emphasizing expression over representation and employing continuous narrative techniques akin to a handscroll.
The innovation of this paper lies in its explicit formulation of two coexisting models within the Song Dynasty's “unified view of poetry and painting”: the “Mojie model” based on “learning from Creation” and the “Changli Gong model” based on “usurping Creation”. By placing the evolution of painting theory within the larger context of poetics and intellectual history, this paper deepens the understanding of the relationship between poetry and painting in the Song Dynasty and provides a new interpretive dimension for the evolution of the core motif of the “relationship between heaven and humanity” in Chinese art.

The Administrative Reconsideration Law revised in 2023 has established mediation as a fundamental principle and basic procedure of administrative reconsideration. The determination of the legal nature of the administrative reconsideration mediation document directly affects the enforcement strength and implementation effect of the document, and further influences the performance of the mediation function in administrative reconsideration. However, in the practice and theoretical research of administrative reconsideration, there are differences in the understanding of the legal attributes of the administrative reconsideration mediation document. In fact, there are significant differences between the issuance of the administrative reconsideration mediation document and administrative reconsideration decision, with distinct behavioral logics and institutional mechanisms. They cannot be simply treated as the same; otherwise, it will be detrimental to the systematic construction of the administrative reconsideration mediation system. Based on the institutional provisions and practical exploration of administrative reconsideration mediation, this paper reveals the triple normative attributes of the administrative reconsideration mediation document as a means of concluding cases through consensus, as a result of the substantive resolution of administrative disputes, and as a basis for enforcement from the three aspects of its issuance, content, and implementation.
First of all, administrative reconsideration mediation belongs to a consensual dispute resolution method, which fundamentally determines that the administrative reconsideration mediation document cannot be completely equivalent to an administrative reconsideration decision document. Administrative reconsideration mediation centers on the substantive interests of the parties involved, with communication and negotiation between the parties as the medium. The main function of the reconsideration authority is to mediate and convey information. The administrative reconsideration mediation document is made based on the consensus of the parties and must be based on the true expression of the parties' intentions. The reconsideration authority should conduct a comprehensive review of the legality of the mediation agreement reached by the parties from both procedural and substantive aspects, and then issue the mediation document.
Secondly, the administrative reconsideration mediation document is a written carrier of the substantive resolution of administrative disputes, detailing the request for administrative reconsideration, facts, reasons, and the mediation outcome. The types of administrative disputes subject to administrative reconsideration mediation should not be simply judged by the binary logic of “legality-illegality”. Instead, in individual cases, the degree of illegality of administrative decisions, the possibility of rectification, and the feasibility of reaching a consensus between the government and the people should be comprehensively considered to ensure that mediation can be applied to all types of administrative reconsideration cases. The administrative reconsideration mediation document has the effect of terminating the reconsideration procedure, alters the content and validity of the administrative act under reconsideration, and is binding on the reconsideration authority and the parties involved.
Finally, the administrative reconsideration mediation document has the function of serving as an enforcement basis. Only when the content of the effective mediation document is fully implemented can the administrative dispute be resolved substantively. Based on the hierarchical supervision relationship between superior and subordinate administrative organs, the respondent should proactively fulfill the obligations determined by the mediation document. At the same time, the applicant and the third party should be granted the right to request the respondent to fulfill their obligations, and the two-way institutional framework for the compulsory enforcement of mediation document should be established.

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are assisting and supporting humans in handling various complex affairs. In the future, they will support and assist humans in the allocation of social resources and benefits. To enable AI algorithms to better carry out allocation activities, it is necessary to embed allocation justice ethics in the initial algorithm programming, that is, to guide the relevant programming tasks of AI algorithms with specific allocation justice ethics. However, existing literature on solving this problem from the perspectives of Bentham's utilitarianism theory and Rawls' distributive justice theory has shown a dilemma, so it is necessary to find a way out from other theoretical perspectives.
This article, from the perspective of contextualist justice, randomly selects bread as one of the social goods as an example to study whether AI algorithms can implement justice distribution on bread in different social contexts. It finds that whether in general social contexts such as supermarkets, temples, or sports fields that do not directly endanger human life, or in special social contexts such as supermarkets where beggars enter, temples where robbers break in, or sports fields where someone faints, or in complex social contexts where multiple subjects compete for life, AI algorithms can assign social meaning to bread based on the social context in which it is located, and implement just distribution of bread that matches the social meaning of bread. Therefore, it is feasible for AI algorithms to allocate social goods based on the social meaning assigned to them by the social context.
This article expands on previous literature in the following two aspects. Firstly, it explores the mechanism of AI algorithms allocating social goods based on the social context in which social goods are located and the social significance of the social goods determined by them. From a new perspective, it expands previous literature on the justice of AI algorithm allocation. Secondly, unlike existing research that only abstractly discusses the algorithmic implementation of distributive justice, this article takes specific social goods and their specific social contexts as examples to conduct a systematic study that combines theoretical speculation and empirical verification of the algorithmic implementation of distributive justice, clearly presenting the internal workings of distributive justice algorithms.
This article reveals the mechanism of algorithmic allocation justice, which helps designers, producers, and regulatory departments of AI to embed appropriate and reasonable allocation justice ethics into the relevant programming tasks of AI algorithms, ensuring that AI algorithms allocate social resources and interests fairly, forming feasible solutions that balance technological innovation incentives and social equity maintenance, and promoting the harmonious development of the digital society.

In recent years, China's socio-economic development has faced significant internal resource constraints and a severe international economic environment. Technological innovation has become a crucial pathway for China to break through Western technological blockades, achieve major strategic goals such as building an innovative country, and drive sustainable development. Given the highly concentrated ownership structure of Chinese listed companies and the relatively low proportion of institutional investors, these entities confront challenges in actively participating in corporate governance due to imbalances between costs and benefits. Consequently, the capacity of China's institutional investors to promote corporate governance and technological innovation, along with the mechanisms through which they exert such influence, has emerged as a widely debated topic in academic and practical circles.
From the perspective of transaction governance, this paper empirically studies the impact of transaction intensity of institutional investors, securities investment funds, and insurance funds on corporate R&D intensity. The results show that the trading intensity of both institutional investors and securities investment funds is negatively correlated with the R&D intensity of companies, but the trading intensity of insurance funds is not significantly correlated with the R&D intensity of companies. On this basis, this paper further divides the samples into an over-invested R&D group and an under-invested R&D group. It is found that the trading intensity of institutional investors as a whole and securities investment funds is significantly negatively correlated with the R&D intensity of over-invested R&D samples, but not significantly correlated with the transaction intensity of under-invested R&D group, and is significantly positively correlated with the innovation efficiency of companies. Insurance fund trading intensity has no significant effect on R&D intensity and innovation efficiency of the two groups of samples. The conclusions of this paper remain unchanged after using the robustness analysis methods such as the fixed effect model, instrumental variable method, replacement of grouping variables, and replacement of independent variables and dependent variables. Heterogeneity research reveals that the negative correlation between the overall transaction intensity and R&D intensity of institutional investors is mainly limited to listed companies in economically developed areas, and the impact on non-state-owned listed companies is significantly higher than that on state-owned listed companies. In terms of the influencing mechanism, it is found that stock liquidity and management wealth performance sensitivity play a significant moderating role in the relationship between institutional investors' transaction intensity and R&D intensity.
Compared with previous studies, the contributions of this paper are reflected in the following aspects. (1) Different from the existing studies from the perspective of shareholding, this paper verifies the overall governance effect of institutional investors on corporate R&D investment from the perspective of transaction governance, that is, although the overall transaction intensity of institutional investors reduces corporate R&D intensity, this only occurs in companies with excessive R&D investment and has no significant impact on companies with insufficient R&D investment. In addition, it significantly promotes innovation efficiency, indicating that although its transaction governance has no significant impact on the under-investment in R&D caused by the opportunistic behavior of a company's executives to enjoy a “quiet life”, it can restrain and significantly reduce the opportunistic behavior of a company's executives in seeking personal benefits through excessive investment in R&D and reduce the waste of R&D funds. Therefore, from the perspective of transaction governance, it shows that our institutional investors are effective supervisors. (2) In terms of institutional investor heterogeneity, this paper verifies that securities investment funds, as independent institutional investors, have the same impact on R&D investment and innovation efficiency as institutional investors as a whole, while insurance funds have no significant impact on R&D intensity and innovation efficiency. (3) This paper finds that the market development in the location of a company, the heterogeneity of the ownership type, stock liquidity, and management wealth performance sensitivity have significant impacts on the transaction governance of institutional investors.
From the perspective of transaction governance, this paper finds that China's institutional investors, especially independent institutional investors, play a significant role in governance over corporate R&D investment and promote innovation efficiency, which provides new evidence for the influence of institutional investors on corporate governance and technological innovation and enriches literature on the impact of institutional investors on corporate governance and technological innovation.

Against the backdrop of profound adjustments in the global economic landscape and increasing complexity in the external environment, the “dual circulation” new development paradigm provides a strategic direction for enhancing industrial chain resilience by strengthening the endogenous driving forces and reliability of domestic circulation, as well as improving the quality and efficiency of international circulation. Under the “dual circulation” new development paradigm, enhancing industrial chain resilience is not only an inherent requirement for ensuring stable economic performance in China but also a critical pathway to breaking free from low-end lock-in within the global value chains (GVCs) and elevating industrial competitiveness. However, existing literature remains insufficient in exploring the relationship between the “dual circulation” new development paradigm and industrial chain resilience, particularly lacking a dual perspective-focusing on both domestic circulation and domestic and international dual circulation-to thoroughly analyze their impact on industrial chain resilience and its mechanisms.
This paper utilizes data from the China Carbon Accounting Database, China Industry Economy Statistical Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook, China Science and Technology Statistical Yearbook, and the National Bureau of Statistics. The measurement of industrial chain resilience draws on the approach in He, constructing an industrial chain network using China's multi-regional input-output data. Based on the complex network theory, a deliberate attack strategy is employed to calculate China's industrial chain resilience index. For measuring the “dual circulation” new development paradigm, this paper adopts the regional value-added decomposition framework developed by Zhang and Bai and Sheng et al., assessing domestic circulation and domestic and international dual circulation from a value chain perspective. Empirical findings reveal that domestic circulation exhibits a U-shaped effect on industrial chain resilience, initially suppressing and subsequently promoting it, while domestic and international dual circulation significantly enhances resilience. Mechanism analysis indicates that the domestic market scale and technological innovation serve as key pathways through which domestic circulation influences industrial chain resilience. Meanwhile, domestic and international dual circulation boosts resilience by attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and fostering technological progress. Further analysis demonstrates significant industrial and regional heterogeneity in the impact of the “dual circulation” new development paradigm on industrial chain resilience.
Compared to prior studies, this paper makes two key contributions. First, in terms of research perspective, this paper moves beyond the qualitative focus of existing literature on the background, connotations, and theoretical logic of “dual circulation”. Instead, it shifts attention to the economic effects of domestic circulation and domestic and international dual circulation, systematically examining their impacts on industrial chain resilience and identifying pathways for resilience enhancement in the new era. Second, in terms of research content, this paper disentangles the distinct effects and mechanisms of domestic circulation and domestic and international dual circulation on resilience, offering novel theoretical and empirical insights. Furthermore, by incorporating multidimensional perspectives, such as industrial and regional heterogeneity, it uncovers differential patterns of these effects, providing targeted policy guidance for industrial chain resilience improvement.
This paper elucidates the intrinsic mechanisms through which the “dual circulation” new development paradigm influences industrial chain resilience, offering valuable policy implications for the government to formulate targeted policies to enhance industrial chain resilience. The government should not only sustain the dominant role of domestic circulation in resilience building but also balance opening-up and economic security, and leverage domestic and international dual circulation to foster industrial chain resilience, thereby establishing a more resilient industrial chain system.

The micro-connect investment model is an innovative financing framework developed by small and micro enterprises. It is evident that in accordance with daily revenue-based financing arrangements, this model manifests hybrid equity-debt characteristics. This gives rise to fundamental operational challenges, including legal attribute ambiguities, deficiencies in cross-border fund supervision coordination, and investor risk. This paper systematically outlines the model's legal attributes, proposes coordinated cross-border regulatory mechanisms, and formulates investor protection measures, thereby establishing the theoretical basis for the regulation of revenue-based financing innovations.
Through the examination of existing laws and cross-border financial regulatory regimes, including financial legislation in Macao, this paper deconstructs the model's contractual architecture and transactional framework. Three critical dimensions are addressed. Firstly, regarding the legal applicability of the Daily Revenue Contract, it is evident that the contract exhibits essential attributes of debt. Consequently, such instruments are considered to be debt-like contracts governed by the General Provisions of the Contracts Section within the Civil Code, with stipulations from the loan contract being applied analogously. About the overall model, the micro-connect investment model has established a Micro Connect Financial Assets Exchange in Macau. The issuance of financial products is conducted through this Exchange, with investments being made by professional investors. The legal framework governing the core aspects of this model, including the fund raising, product issuance, and Exchange operations, is that of Macau's financial laws and regulations. The model can be categorized as a private equity fund business that utilizes asset-based securities as investment instruments. Secondly, with regard to the matter of cross-border regulation of funds, the micro-connect investment model involves financing enterprises in the mainland, the Macao Financial Assets Exchange, and international investors, thereby creating cross-border and cross-jurisdictional flows of funds. The primary focus at present should be on risk identification and the establishment of early warning systems. In the medium to long term, the development of a coordinated regulatory mechanism is essential. Thirdly, investor risk mitigation necessitates enhanced supervision of the Monetary Authority of Macao over the Micro Connect Macao Financial Assets Exchange, specifically mandating rigorous fulfilment of information disclosure protocols and anti-money laundering implementation.
The innovation of this paper is evident in the manner in which it resolves core regulatory dilemmas. This is achieved through a tripartite analysis that encompasses the legal characterization of the micro-connect investment model, the implementation of cross-border supervision, and the establishment of investor safeguarding measures. It establishes the debt-like juridical nature of the Daily Revenue Contract, proposes a specific path for a synergistic mechanism among the three regulators, and emphasizes the prevention of investor risks by strengthening the fulfilment of the obligations of the exchanges. The results provide a legal basis and practical guidance for the mainland, Hong Kong, and Macao regulators to regulate financial innovation and safeguard financial stability. The research findings have certain practical value and academic significance in improving the financial regulatory framework of the emerging revenue-based financing model.

With the deepening of social informatization, “mediatization” has gradually become a key topic in academic discourse. Mediatization aims to explore the relationship between media and socio-culture from a broader perspective. From the perspective of mediology, Confucian temples function as spatial media, materializing the spiritual culture of Confucianism. Stele inscriptions, using stone as their medium, have been important communication vehicles in China and abroad since ancient times. The Qing Dynasty's Manchu minority regime actively utilized the Confucian temple as a mediated space to disseminate its cultural identity. The erection of Pingding Gaocheng Steles within Confucian temples represented a development and innovation of two longstanding Chinese political-cultural traditions: commemorating achievements through stone inscriptions and Confucian temple rituals. Existing study on Pingding Gaocheng Steles is primarily concentrated in the field of history, with no dedicated study in communication or media studies.
Based on a detailed review of historical documents, this paper conducts a holistic study of eight Qing Pingding Gaocheng Steles located in Confucian temples. It seeks to explore, from the perspective of mediology, why these steles were placed within Confucian temples, and what communicative media attributes and political communication functions they possessed. This paper finds that the Confucian temple, as a medium, served as one of the core arenas for rulers to implement “political mediatization”, providing political actors with a field of “visibility” for political communication. The Qing rulers leveraged the publicity, commonality, and cultural characteristics of the temple's mediated communication. By erecting Pingding Gaocheng Steles within the temple, they reported recent political achievements to Confucius, aiming to establish a form of “politics of recognition”. Consequently, these Pingding Gaocheng Steles functioned as a “medium of recognition”, shaping a form of “mediatized politics”. This type of stele medium integrated both “military governance” and “civil governance” aspects of national governance. Using state-sponsored Confucian temples as storage spaces, it disseminated the political message of pacification achievements to all levels of the state educational system through rubbing and replication techniques, playing significant communicative roles in political symbolism, political publicity, and political persuasion.
Compared to previous literature, this paper makes expansions in three aspects. Firstly, in terms of the research perspective, it examines the communicative value and significance of both the Confucian temple and Pingding Gaocheng Steles as material media carriers from the perspective of mediology, focusing on both the stele medium and its cultural-spatial context. Secondly, in terms of macro-level holistic research, it combines Pingding Gaocheng Steles from the Imperial Academy Confucian Temple with those from the Rehe Wenmiao (Confucian Temple), integrating the phenomena of stele communication in central state academies with those in local state academies, viewing them as a typical historical communication phenomenon. Thirdly, in researching media communication functions, it explores the communicative functions of these Pingding Gaocheng Steles while offering necessary critical reflections on the historical limitations of this medium.
This paper, to some extent, reveals the communicative functions of the Confucian Temple Pingding Gaocheng Steles in constructing national identity, interpreting the “Great Unity” communication practice, and establishing political legitimacy, along with their contemporary communicative value. It aids government departments in fully excavating and utilizing historical and cultural resources to tell China's stories, awaken national memory, and highlight the distinctive features of Chinese civilization. This contributes to forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of China's excellent traditional culture.

In the context of increasingly intense global competition in artificial intelligence (AI), understanding the cultural driving forces behind national strategic choices is essential for analyzing international technological competition. Existing studies mainly focus on technological rivalry or geopolitical logic, with limited attention given to how cultural values shape strategic decisions. This paper, from the perspective of strategic culture, constructs an analytical framework of “national security-AI-strategic culture”, using four cultural dimensions, namely, “hegemonic protection”, “frontier culture”, “American exceptionalism”, and “isolationism versus interventionism”, to trace the historical evolution of the US AI strategy, deconstruct current development trends, and propose inclusive governance strategies based on cultural limitations. This approach offers a cultural lens for understanding the global AI governance landscape.
This paper uses historical cultural analysis and case studies to uncover the interactive logic between cultural genes and AI strategy. The “hegemonic support” tradition of the US leads it to treat AI as a tool for technological monopoly; “frontier culture” evolves into the “digital new frontier”, creating a model of capital and policy-driven land grabbing; “US-centrism” transforms AI competition into a “civilizational clash”; and the combination of “isolationism and interventionism” manifests as the “high fences around a small yard” strategy-collaboration within alliances and external blockage.
The study finds that the three main trends in the US AI strategy are, in essence, the technological externalization of cultural logic: Strategically, it advances technological monopolies under the guise of “territorial expansion” while suppressing competitors under the pretext of “hazard containment”. In terms of pathways, AI is embedded within an ideological confrontation framework through “pan-securitization”. In terms of tactics, a composite strategy of “selective alliances” and “responsibility avoidance” is employed, simultaneously building a technological closed loop with allies while avoiding global governance responsibilities, which exacerbates the international cooperation trust crisis. Cultural limitations lead to three major impacts: “Binary opposition” weakens the core position of alliances, fostering a “de-Americanized” multi-path approach; technological protectionism erodes ally trust; and the militarization of AI and “small-circle” governance intensifies security dilemmas, leading to fragmented rules.
The innovation of this paper is reflected in stepping outside the conventional rationalist analysis framework to construct a “culture-strategic choice” explanatory model, revealing the cultural contradictions within the US AI strategy and providing insight into its policy continuity. Based on this, this paper proposes responses: facilitating cognitive penetration through think tanks and other platforms to inspire “cultural-industrial” awareness and dissolve American hegemonic narratives; creating AI public products that reflect civilizational diversity, shifting governance rules from “value export” to “experience sharing”; and establishing a technology transparency framework while strengthening military security dialogues to avoid arms race risks. These measures aim to offer theoretical and practical value in contributing to the creation of a multipolar and civically harmonious global AI governance ecosystem.

与多样文化交融是马克思主义在发展过程中的普遍文化现象，现今，马克思主义在中国与中华优秀传统文化"结合"得更好。马克思主义在发展过程中受到多样文化的影响，理论工作者有意无意地融合本土文化精神，发展出了多样的理论形态。这种交融恰恰是在面向具有时代性价值的共同现实课题时，找到了彼此的结合点。国外马克思主义者与多样文化对话时，往往使用的是“肢解”了的马克思主义，即其方法、精神与主张等。但这也客观印证了，马克思主义有与多样文化交融的多重层次。中国共产党人推进了马克思主义发展史上前所未有的广度与深度的“结合"，实现了马克思主义在理论学说、指导思想、观念文化的多层次深度发展。“第二个结合"实现了“中国化"“时代化"的有机统一，对马克思主义有全面、完整、准确的守正创新，坚持体系化、学理化要求，明确了中华优秀传统文化的"传统"总体性质和可以发挥现实价值的"优秀"部分，对理论创新具有方法论的启示价值。

中小企业是我国国民经济的重要组成部分，但长期以来面临着“融资难、融资贵、融资慢"的现实问题，严重制约其发展潜力。随着人工智能、大数据、云计算、区块链等数字技术与金融行业的深度融合发展，智慧金融成为解决中小企业融资困境的有效方式。本文基于理论研究与现实问题分析，探讨了智慧金融在中小企业融资中的现实应用路径。研究发现，智慧金融可以通过智能风险控制、大数据信用评估、区块链溯源等金融科技手段，优化金融市场资源配置，提高中小企业融资可得性。然而，智慧金融的应用过程也可能引发数据存储安全、算法决策偏见、隐私数据泄露、法律监管滞后等新的风险与挑战。为此，本文提出建立数据保护机制、优化算法设计、隐私管控、跨部门协同监管与明晰法律责任主体等风险治理策略，旨在推动智慧金融助力中小企业融资的可持续发展。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), China's regional economic development has seen a shift toward inter-provincial cooperation based on cross-regional development strategies, city clusters, and metropolitan areas. Inter-provincial cooperation has progressively become the spatial pattern of China's regional economic development, as evidenced by the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the Yangtze River Delta's high-quality integrated development, the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle, and the ecological preservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. However, cooperation and competition are inextricably linked in interprovincial relations, and the decentralization system and administrative division have not completely eliminated the local protections implemented by each region for the sake of growth, resulting in distortion in interprovincial cooperative relations. Interprovincial administrative barriers have become a major impediment to the integration of the domestic market under the new development pattern, in which the domestic circulation is the mainstay and the domestic and international circulation reinforce each other, and promoting interprovincial cooperation has become critical to the high-quality, integrated development of the regional economy under the new development pattern.
Based on the evolution of the temporal and spatial pattern of inter-provincial cooperation since the founding of the People's Republic of China, this paper analyzes the route of inter-provincial cooperation from three perspectives of stage evolution, systematic driving mechanism, and new situations and opportunities. The findings reveal that the tendency of inter-provincial agglomeration of economic activities in China has become more apparent. Regional development is shifting from the conventional “four sectors” to inter-provincial cooperation, and a spatial pattern of regional economic development based on inter-provincial cooperation is emerging. The central government, local governments, and the market all have a twofold impact on inter-provincial cooperation since they all seek to maximize their interests. Combining the new situation and new prospects presented by inter-provincial collaboration in the new growth stage, this paper makes the following suggestions: strengthening the central planning authority, improving the system's construction, strengthening top-level design, capitalizing on the benefits of the new generation of information technology, and investigating new forms of inter-provincial collaboration.
This paper contributes to existing literature in the following three aspects. First, it focuses on the provincial administrative belonging of the participating subjects to study the stage-by-stage evolution of interprovincial relations, which confirms the trend of interprovincial agglomeration of economic activities in China. Second, the driving mechanism of inter-provincial cooperation is systematically separated from the multiple roles of the central government and the market, providing a rich research perspective for breaking through the barriers of inter-provincial cooperation and further deepening domestic circulation. Third, using the theory of repeated games in information economics, this paper summarizes the triple roles of the central government, local governments, and the market in terms of constructing the triggering strategy of infinite repeated games, providing a new research perspective for breaking the prisoner's dilemma of inter-provincial relations.
This paper reveals the stage-by-stage evolution of China's interprovincial cooperative relations and the driving mechanism, re-examines the new opportunities facing interprovincial cooperation from the perspectives of the institutional environment, technological environment, and domestic development conditions, and proposes a new path of cooperation, which helps the government departments formulate policies and measures to strengthen interprovincial cooperation.

方言异形词有狭义与广义之分，后者指不同方言中具有同一义位和语音对应规律而书写形式不同的词语。方言同源词是指不同方言中语音存在对应关系、可证明具有共同的源义素的词语。汉语史角度的个案考察中，方言异形词与方言同源词容易混淆，可从把握内涵与外延、形成原因的差异，观察书写形式及有无共同义位等方面有效区分。区分二者的学术价值在于为个案实践提供有参考价值的方法论，促进汉语词源学的理论建设与实践研究，助力汉语词汇学研究走向纵深等。