Digital sovereignty is seen as the natural extension of national sovereignty into cyberspace and the digital domain, encompassing both Internet sovereignty and data sovereignty. Internet sovereignty involves a state's jurisdiction over the Internet space, while data sovereignty pertains to a state's supreme authority and independence over data. The proper interpretation and application of digital sovereignty can help promote positive development in global digital governance, but its misuse may lead to excessive regulation and exacerbate “digital decoupling” between Western countries and China. To address these challenges, China needs to uphold the national and defensive attributes of digital sovereignty domestically, exploring a balanced regulatory approach. Bilaterally, China should flexibly respond to equivalent regulatory requirements and consider proactive reverse adequacy determinations. Multilaterally, China should explore a global digital governance model based on sovereign equality and leverage regional mechanisms. The EU, emphasizing its digital sovereignty, aims to establish its authority, autonomy, and effectiveness in digital governance. This aligns with China's stance, which has consistently emphasized sovereignty principles. Since 2010, China has introduced the concept of “Internet sovereignty” in the white paper China Statistical Report on Internet Development and has gradually shifted towards “cyberspace sovereignty”. As data becomes the foundation of economic and social activities, data sovereignty has become a manifestation of national core competitiveness. Countries have adopted various legal strategies to safeguard their data sovereignty. The United States emphasizes free flow of data, and the CLOUD Act establishes data sovereignty rules centered on data freedom. The EU, on the other hand, has established data sovereignty rules focused on data protection through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), thereby reshaping its data protection framework with the United States. The United States seeks to build cross-border data transfer rules based on free flow of data, while the EU leads in data regulation and has become one of the global standard-setters for data protection through its regulations. The rule conflict between them reflects the clash between the concepts of “data freedom” and “data protection” in the context of data sovereignty. In summary, digital sovereignty is a crucial component of national sovereignty in the digital age, vital for maintaining national security and developing the digital economy. China should actively participate in the construction of global digital governance, guarding against excessive regulation while avoiding “digital decoupling”, and promoting healthy development in the digital space through international cooperation.

China and Japan, both within the cultural sphere of Chinese characters and operating under civil law systems, exhibit a significant number of similar vocabularies in their legal terminologies, including the terms “逮捕” “拘留” “裁判” “审判”. While these vocabularies have facilitated the learning and translation of Japanese law for Chinese learners and vice versa, they have also caused complexities for translators and learners alike. Extensive research has been conducted on vocabularies in both China and Japan, but comparatively little attention has been devoted to legal terminology. Therefore, a comprehensive, in-depth, and accurate understanding of the similarities and differences in legal terminology between China and Japan is a common challenge for linguists, law learners, and researchers.
Many Chinese-to-Japanese and Japanese-to-Chinese dictionaries, including those specialized in legal terminology, along with translated legal documents, define “逮捕” “拘留” “裁判” “审判” into synonymous terms based on their form. Due to space limitations, this study only focuses on the corresponding translation of the legal term “逮捕” (arrest) in Chinese and Japanese.
Reviewing the aforementioned dictionaries, translated legal texts, and legal works in both China and Japan, as well as a comparative analysis of the order and characteristics of coercive measures outlined in the criminal procedure laws of both countries, this study, based on theories of cognitive semantics and contrastive linguistics, employs illustrative examples to carefully dissect the nuances of the Chinese and Japanese legal term “逮捕”. Following this comparative analysis, it is found that “逮捕” in both Chinese and Japanese language means one of the criminal coercive measures (punishment) that restrict personal freedom in criminal procedures of the two countries. Compared with bench warrant service, bail pending trial, residential surveillance, and detention, Chinese “逮捕” is the most severe criminal coercive measure, equivalent to Japan's criminal coercive punishment of “勾留”. “逮捕” in Japanese, on the other hand, is the initial act of mandatory detention of suspects in Japan's criminal compulsory punishment. compared with “勾留”, and its severity is weaker, equivalent to “custody” in China's criminal compulsory measures. Therefore, the legal term “逮捕” in Chinese and Japanese do not have the same meaning but rather are homographs.
The cultural exchanges between China and Japan have a long history. In the process of learning and reference, the phenomenon of directly copying the same legal terminology in translation is relatively common. However, the legal terms of the same form between China and Japan do not correspond to each other. In the mutual translation of Chinese and Japanese legal terms, to distinguish the differences in the lexical meanings of homographs, and try to find out the corresponding equivalent legal terms, it is necessary to analyze the meanings of the original terms from Chinese and Japanese dictionaries, legal text translations, the corresponding substantive law or procedural law, as well as the writings of legal experts in the two countries, and summarize the various meanings of Chinese and Japanese legal terms, accordingly to select the corresponding Chinese and Japanese translations and to limit the scope of the use of legal terms of the same form in both languages, thus accurately expressing the original meanings the legal terms and avoiding misunderstandings, distortions, or omissions in their translation.

In the last few years, a lot of positive incentive efforts have been made to mobilize the enthusiasm of grassroots civil servants from top to bottom, such as parallel ranks, assessment, and rewards, “creating flow”, but the problem of low enthusiasm of grassroots civil servants is still widespread and there is an incentive dilemma for grassroots civil servants, so this paper aims to explore the internal mechanism of the dilemma.
Based on the field survey, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews, this paper clarifies the promotion phenomenon and logic of a district-level unit in A Province in the central region from 2017 to 2022.
The field survey shows that firstly, the methods of motivating grassroots civil servants usually include spiritual rewards, material rewards, and promotion incentives. However, in grassroots practice, these three types of incentives can be boiled down to two different types, namely, core incentives with promotion as a means of reward, and marginal rewards with material and spiritual rewards as the means. Secondly, due to the scarcity of reward resources, the implementation of rewards must have a procedural fair basis; therefore, assessment is an important supplement to the implementation of incentives. In reality, appraisal is often not the basis for incentives; on the contrary, an organization's promotion decisions profoundly affect the results of appraisals. Thirdly, the basis for the implementation of core incentives is the implicit promotion order constructed by the intensity of the relationship resources between grassroots civil servants inside and outside the system, while the marginal rewards are provided to the disadvantaged groups in the system as a balance. Therefore, there are inconsistencies between outstanding civil servants and promoters in a year, as well as inconsistencies between leaders' evaluation and the colleague evaluation of those who are promoted. Finally, the invisible promotion order reduces the effect of both core incentive and marginal incentive, which is summarized as “relational dissolution incentive”, and the current distribution-oriented system is strengthening the relational attribute of counties.
Compared with previous research on the promotion of grassroots civil servants, this paper has contributions in the following three aspects. Firstly, in the explanation of the promotion of grassroots civil servants, the key figures who affect the promotion are proposed, and the key people and the grassroots civil servants are connected by emotional or interest bonds. Secondly, the specific types of relationships that affect the promotion of grassroots civil servants are subdivided, that is, strong political relations, weak political but strong economic relations, and weak political and economic relationships, that is, the relationship is used as an analytical tool to discuss the promotion of civil servants. Thirdly, it clarifies the consequences of relational intervention in the promotion of civil servants, that is, “relational dissolution incentives”, including three different dissolution paths, namely, strong political relations replacing and even determining evaluation, strong economic but weak political relations weakening evaluation, and weak political and economic relations leading to incentive fail.

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposed to explore the effective mechanism of the integration of culture and technology, and build the identification system for Chinese civilization. With the increasing revival of traditional culture, more diverse traditional literary and artistic works show increasingly strong publicity in the process of adapting to contemporary technology and life, thus inspiring new vitality and social and cultural values under the contemporary aesthetic vision. As a classic Chinese literary work, Journey to the West has been interpreted by modern creators in various forms such as film and television series, animation, and games, and has become the most dynamic and popular classic literary IP at present. Recently, the new derivative of Journey to the West, the domestic game Black Myth: Wukong has not only set off a boom in China, but also aroused “Wukong enthusiasm” overseas, showing the profound charm of Chinese classic literature works and the cultural confidence of Chinese people in the new era.
The modernization of Chinese classic literature has a profound historical background. The evolution of media technology has put forward requirements for the modernization of Chinese classic literary works. The author selected Journey to the West original (literature, Ming Dynasty), Journey to the West (TV series, 1986), A Chinese Odyssey (film, 1994), Black Myth: Wukong (game, 2024), and other materials to make a comparative analysis through reading and experiencing.
The findings are as follows. First, context shift has become a new premise for the modernization of traditional literary works. Modern presentation needs to break away from the traditional cultural context, incorporate its cultural expression into the modern context, take modern people's common sense of life and social background as the expression basis, speak the ancient things through the mouths of modern people, and express their views from the perspective of modern people. Second, narrative cross-layer has become the main means of modern presentation of classic literary works. The evolution of modern media technology, whether it is games or movies, is more realistic from a limited perspective. Narration blurs the boundary between story and reality and narrows the distance between them. Third, content innovation has become the key to the re-creation of classic literary works. Whether the traditional works can be re-created in the modern presentation depends on the ingenious use of the original narrative framework, the appropriate adaptation of some content of the story, and whether it conforms to the contemporary aesthetic. The content innovation of classical literary works must meet the needs of modern life and solve the current social problems. Fourth, technology enables modern presentation and international communication. Three-dimensional reading based on the multiple presentations of audiovisual languages deconstructs the content of traditional literary works and gives them new forms. From two-dimensional plane to three-dimensional media differences, integration, and innovation, media products with more concrete, visual, and multi-sensory scheduling provide a new carrier for cultural communication. The international dissemination of Chinese cultural works must solve the problems of local people and meet the needs of local people. Fifth, audience immersion provides the direction of creative transformation and innovative development. Subject immersion depends on not only technical empowerment but also the feeling and atmosphere of shared participation. The new technology enables the audience to go beyond the single binary choice of “live” and “online”, and provides an integrated way of subject immersion.
Some young people are inspired by modern works and go back to classic Chinese literary works, thus using them as a medium to pass down from generation to generation. Adhering to integrity and innovation, prospering and developing cultural undertakings and cultural industries, as well as integrating traditional culture into real life, has become the only choice to pick up cultural memories and stick to cultural genes.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (hereinafter referred to as the Greater Bay Area) has seen substantial changes in its industrial structure due to efforts to construct a metropolitan circle, laying a strong foundation for the high-quality development of its manufacturing industry. Most existing studies on the convergence and competition of the manufacturing structure in the Greater Bay Area lack a comprehensive measurement and analysis from the perspective of the metropolitan circle by using multiple indicators in multiple dimensions, especially the intra-city division of labor.
This paper addresses the gap by examining the structural convergence, industrial competition, and cooperation networks, specialization, and labor division in the manufacturing sector of mainland cities in the Greater Bay Area for the years 2011, 2016, and 2021. The findings are as follows. 1) There are varying degrees of convergence among mainland cities, with the Guangzhou and Shenzhen metropolitan circles showing significant convergence. This is primarily driven by intra-industry labor division and industrial chain cooperation between core and cooperative cities within these metropolitan circles. 2) Industrial competition in the Greater Bay Area manifests as horizontal competition between cities of similar economic levels, both within and across city circles. Conversely, industrial cooperation appears as a vertical collaboration between core and cooperative cities, predominantly within metropolitan areas. Horizontal competition has diminished while vertical cooperation has strengthened. 3) The convergence and cooperation within the Greater Bay Area are significantly influenced by the strengthening of metropolitan circle connections, the radiating and driving roles of core cities, geographical proximity, and the positive impact of Hong Kong and Macao.
This paper extends existing literature in three aspects. 1) Utilizing multiple indicators, the paper offers a thorough investigation into the convergence and evolution of manufacturing structures in mainland cities in the Greater Bay Area, thus enriching research on industrial structure convergence. 2) This paper distinguishes the structural similarity and changes among the three metropolitan circles within the Greater Bay Area, focusing on core and collaborative cities as well as cities of similar economic levels. 3) It not only compares the industrial structure horizontally across the Greater Bay Area but also evaluates the vertical industrial division among mainland cities using multi-regional input-output tables from relevant years.
The conclusions provide valuable insights and empirical evidence for shaping industrial development policies and regional integration strategies in the Greater Bay Area, highlighting the dynamic interplay between competition and cooperation in fostering regional economic growth.

The current lack of global mechanisms for Internet governance has become one of the greatest risks to human development. This paper aims to analyze the historical significance of the Global Digital Compact (GDC) and its impact on the evolution of global Internet governance. As a historic breakthrough in the global Internet governance mechanism, the GDC not only signifies the United Nations' determination to return to the forefront of Internet governance but also provides a new framework and approach to addressing the challenges of the digital age. Despite the enormous challenges posed by rising geopolitical tensions and the increasing fragmentation of the global digital order, the GDC injects new strength into humanity's foundation in the digital age, fundamentally changing the basic structure and paradigm of global Internet governance and playing a critical role in promoting the global Internet governance reform.
This paper systematically analyzes the position of the GDC in global Internet governance and its potential impact on future development for the first time. This includes a detailed analysis of the historical background of the GDC, covering several key areas of global Internet governance, and the evolution of the United Nations' role in Internet governance. Furthermore, it examines how the GDC fosters global cooperation and the role and opportunities for China in this process. Using literature analysis and case analysis methods, this paper analyzes relevant United Nations documents, international Internet governance cases, and global digital governance trends to clearly show the background, core content, and potentially transformative impact of the GDC on the current global governance structure, providing new perspectives and theoretical support for global Internet governance and cooperation in the digital age, enriching academic research in related fields. This paper finds that the GDC is not only an important supplement to the existing global Internet governance mechanisms but also a profound paradigm shift. The GDC emphasizes the importance of digital technologies in social development and identifies the need for a global mechanism to address a range of issues. The GDC's emphasis on concepts such as the digital divide, AI divide, and global Digital commons reflects its commitment to the original principles of the Internet and a global perspective.
As a milestone in global Internet governance, the GDC's profound impact and multidimensional challenges provide rich research material and practical topics for scholars and policymakers. This paper argues that within the framework of the GDC, China has a new opportunity to actively participate and promote innovative governance mechanisms that combine multilateral and multi-stakeholder approaches, thereby improving global Internet governance. Over the past decade, China has essentially completed the construction of its domestic digital governance system, gradually shifting from a passive defense strategy focused on domestic governance to an active defense strategy aimed at globalization. Through the GDC, China can further implement its principles and concepts, promoting global cooperation in the field of digital governance. We need to recognize this opportunity from a strategic perspective and take advantage of the situation to drive global Internet governance reform and the modernization of domestic governance at the national strategic level, contributing to a more just and sustainable global digital order.

In recent years, generative artificial intelligence (AI) such as large language models represented by ChatGPT has developed rapidly and is widely used in many fields. In addition to the capabilities of traditional AI in analysis, judgment, and decision-making, generative AI has advantages in model structure, data dependency, application scenarios, and interpretability. It can give full play to its creative characteristics and promote the AI industry, promoting the decision-making and analytical type to develop leaps and bounds to the generative type. As the financial industry involves a large amount of text data and requires rapid decision-making, it naturally has a high demand for large language models. Large language models will have a significant impact on the high-quality development of the financial industry. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore how large language models can promote the digital transformation and upgrading of the financial industry by changing the business model of the financial industry. However, despite the broad application prospects of large language models in the financial industry, there is still a lack of systematic literature review to discuss in detail the specific applications, challenges, and potential solutions of large language models in the financial industry.
This paper systematically reviews the three stages of model development: the nascent stage, the consolidation stage, and the explosive stage, clarifying the evolution of large models. It elaborates on the structure of the Transformer to help readers understand the underlying principles of large language models. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the application of large language models in the financial sector and details how these models are driving a paradigm shift in the industry. This includes enhancing productivity, transforming existing human-computer interaction models, and improving the accuracy of information dissemination and retrieval. Using examples from banking, insurance, financial management, and investment, this paper explores the opportunities that large language models bring to the financial industry. Additionally, it addresses the challenges these models face in the financial sector, such as data privacy and security, accuracy and reliability, legal regulations, technical costs, and implementation. This paper proposes corresponding countermeasures to these challenges. Finally, it offers policy recommendations from the perspectives of advancing legislation, optimizing algorithms, and fostering cross-departmental cooperation to accelerate the implementation and application of large models in the financial industry.
This paper is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of large language models in the financial field. Deeply analyzing specific application cases of large language models in the financial field, this article demonstrates the possibilities of large language models in various industries in the financial field. This not only provides valuable reference for practitioners in the financial field but also lays the foundation for subsequent research.
Looking ahead, the development of large language models in the financial sector remains full of infinite possibilities. Perhaps they can deeply participate in the R&D of innovative financial products, bringing more personalized and precise services to the financial market. With technological iterations, the data processing capabilities and analytical accuracy of large language models are expected to further improve, better addressing the complex and ever-changing financial environment. Additionally, it is anticipated that more comprehensive industry standards and regulations will be introduced in the future, promoting the compliant and robust application of large language models in the financial sector.

Modern society is called a risk society. With the development of science and technology, economic upgrading, and the increasingly close connection of society, the types of risks in modern society become more diversified, and the transformation and spreading of risk types become more complicated. Risks occur everywhere and their impacts are everywhere. However, academia has not presented a panoramic view of the types of risk in modern society, and the transformational chains and shaping logic between risks have yet to be systematically sorted out.
Building on the characteristics of modern society, this study provides an overview of the types of risks in modern society. This study proposes that the types of risks that play a dominant role in the evolution of risks in modern society include technological risk, environmental risk, social risk, and political risk. They follow the evolutionary chain of technological risk-environmental risk-social risk-political risk. They shape the unique risk landscape of modern society.
The shaping process shows three forms of risk grafting and overlapping: the type transformation, diffusion and amplification, and coexistence of the real and the virtual. Among the four types of risks, technological risk is the source of risks in modern societies, and environmental risk amplifies and generalizes these risks. On this basis, social risk affects individual behavior in modern society, and the construction of relevant social norms and institutions. Political risk triggers state action and even becomes an important consideration in the construction of political systems. The diffusion and amplification of risks have a cross-border, correlation, and resonance nature, which makes the horizon of risk concern and preventive initiatives not be limited to the original location of risks, but should be treated more systematically and comprehensively. Additionally, the natural and objective nature of risks is nested with its social and subjective nature, making the logic of risk shaping in modern society interspersed and superimposed between the natural and the social, and between the objective and the subjective.
Following the paths and forms of risk formation, risk governance in modern society should be on three aspects: systematic treatment, using technological means, and based on different scenarios. Firstly, we should coordinate different types of risks, integrate the strengths of different fields, and carry out risk prevention and control based on the whole process and incorporating different perspectives. Secondly, we should always be aware of the risk factors embedded in the use of technology, use technology to empower the improvement of governance capacity, rely on technology to realize the elimination of specific risk factors, and develop technology to enhance social resilience. Thirdly, the inconsistency of the goals of risk response, the perceived state of risk, and the value judgment of risks are considered and solution strategies with applicable scope need to be constructed situationally.
This study analyzes and summarizes the types of risks and the logic of shaping modern society, which deepens the understanding of risks in modern society and inspires academia to pay attention to and further explore in depth in this area. At the same time, the risk response strategies in modern society provide strategic references for China's practice of a holistic approach to national security, preventing and resolving major risks, and contributing to the governance of modern social risks.

Data training profoundly influences the functionality and effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI). Its involvement in the use of copyrighted works has triggered numerous copyright disputes both domestically and internationally, with the fair use principle frequently invoked as a defense in such cases. The legal rules and application of fair use in China have long been subject to various judicial challenges, which are also reflected in determining fair use in the context of AI data training. Therefore, there is an urgent need to consider the legal rules of fair use for AI data training and shape a Chinese approach.
There are divergent views on copyright infringement in AI data training and its regulatory pathways in academia and practice. Regulatory pathways for copyright infringement in AI data training can be categorized into four main models: acknowledging the existence of copyright infringement, acknowledging copyright infringement but claiming statutory licensing, acknowledging copyright infringement but claiming fair use, and denying the existence of copyright infringement. After analysis, it is concluded that fair use is the optimal solution for regulating copyright infringement in data training.
However, China's current copyright fair use rules have not yet been adapted to address AI data training issues. The transformative use test in the U.S., as a general rule for expanding fair use scenarios, is not suitable for direct transplantation into Chinese law to determine the new types of uses, including AI data training, due to its theoretical and practical flaws. Based on that the legalization of AI data training aligns with China's social policy development needs, helps to enhance the new productive forces, and fosters the fair growth of the domestic and international AI industry, China should establish specific AI data training legal provisions for fair use. However, it should be noted that even with the establishment of specific legal provisions for fair use in AI data training, the substantial interests of copyright holders must not be ignored.
This article conducts in-depth research and comparative analysis of the current mainstream regulatory pathways for copyright infringement in AI data training. After concluding that copyright infringement in AI data training should be regulated through fair use, it further clarifies and justifies the establishment of specific legal provisions for fair use in AI data training. Through comparative analysis with other relevant statutory proposals and by analyzing the objectives and implementation principles of specific legal provisions for fair use in AI data training, this article creatively puts forward detailed design suggestions for such provisions. In the context of AI data training, concise fair use legal provisions are proposed to comprehensively and effectively achieve the purposes and balancing spirit of copyright law, aiming to minimize frictions and maximize benefits for all the stakeholders.

In the report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), it is proposed to “promote Chinese culture to better go to the world” and “enhance the influence of Chinese civilization”. The report mentions “Chinese culture” five times, indicating that the Party and the state attach great importance to it. The important content, historical tasks, final symbols, and overall goals of the system construction and mechanism improvement of the international communication of Chinese culture are very clear, which is to make Chinese culture a bridge of the world's diverse cultures with cultural confidence and strive to make China a cultural power with extensive international influence. The aim is to achieve the symbiosis, harmony, and consensus of global culture to promote the formation of a community with a shared future for mankind, ultimately achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
The research method in this paper has outstanding innovation. The method of “Chinese learning” adopted in this paper innovatively explores and utilizes a set of thinking modes of “dualistic dialectics”, “three-dimensional equilibrium” and “two in one, three in two, three in all” that originally existed in the Chinese culture. Specifically, there are the traditional Chinese culture's “body and use” mode of thinking, the unification of historical investigation and logical thinking, and so on. This is the same as the dialectical unity of contradiction in the development of things advocated by Marxism. Marxist dialectical materialism holds that contradiction exists in everything, runs through the development process of everything, and constantly promotes the movement, change, and development of things in the change of old and new contradictions. All of the above are the main methodology used in this paper.
Based on the induction and interpretation of the ten dialectical relations of the unity of opposites in the process of the international communication of Chinese culture, China can further improve the implementation mechanism in the macro and micro dimensions to achieve the construction of the system. At the macro level, it is important to set up an efficient and authoritative coordination and coordination department covering central and local governments, adopt a “big communication” management system, formulate a “cultural promotion and communication law”, and then focus on the improvement of the international communication mechanism of Chinese culture in an integrated, systematic, and long-term manner from the aspects of top-level support policies, management service system, and supply-side reform. At the micro level, a supporting financial subsidy system, financial support system, and cultural innovation incentive measures should be introduced for the international communication of Chinese culture, to provide a specific implementation mechanism for better enhancing the international communication and influence of Chinese culture.

The “Three-Year Action Plan of Data Elements X” released in 2023 pointed out: “Giving full play to the amplifying, superimposing and multiplying effects of data elements and constructing a digital economy with data as a key element is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development.” It is noteworthy that while data empowers high-quality economic development, it also brings corresponding risks to social development. Since human society has entered the stage of “reflexive modernization” from the stage of “simple modernization”, various risks have followed. Against such a social backdrop, the distribution order has transformed from the purely wealth distribution logic in the “simple modernization” stage to the distribution logic of coexisting wealth and risks in the “reflexive modernization” stage. In the process of data elements' participation in distribution, due to the differences in status and division of labor among multiple stakeholders, conflicts and contradictions may arise among data element providers, processors and users. The prominent risk distribution dilemma has thus become a major obstacle in the process of recognizing and utilizing data elements. Therefore, correctly identifying various risks arising from data elements' participation in distribution and effectively preventing, resolving and allocating related risks have become important tasks for promoting digital justice in an intelligent society and driving the high-quality development of the human digital society.
This paper, by applying normative research methods, literature research methods, etc., collects, retrieves and summarizes existing domestic and international literature on data element distribution to comprehensively understand the main viewpoints and research paths of the academic circle on the issue of risk distribution justice of data elements. Taking the “Data Security Law” and the “Personal Information Protection Law” as the inspected legal texts, it explores the predicaments of legal norms and responds to the challenges and institutional obstacles faced by risk distribution justice of data elements through reasonable legal interpretation methods and discusses reasonable adjustment paths.
Compared with previous literature, this paper makes expansions in the following two aspects: Firstly, this paper explores the legal realization of risk distribution justice in the participation of data elements in distribution, expanding the literature on the participation of production elements in distribution from a brand-new perspective. Secondly, this paper breaks through the research vision and scope. Existing studies mostly focus on the distribution of traditional production elements or the distribution of income or wealth. However, research on the risk distribution of data elements is relatively scarce. This paper takes the logical connection between risk distribution and justice of data elements as the starting point, explores the justice demands of risk distribution in the participation of data elements in distribution, and responds to the proposition of how to realize risk distribution justice when data, as an emerging production element, participates in risk distribution by inspecting and regulating the risk distribution system.
This paper not only provides a strong guarantee for better achieving justice in the risk allocation of data elements, but also offers significant suggestions for reshaping the allocation mechanism led by the government and featuring the organic collaboration of multiple governance subjects. It provides powerful assistance for maximizing the value of data elements in China's future economic innovation-driven and high-quality development.

Large generative AI models (LGAIMs), exemplified by ChatGPT, have not only brought tremendous changes to human social life but also become deeply integrated into the modern social governance system, continuously driving the evolution of government structures and the innovation of governance models. While the original intention and essence of embedding LGAIMs into social governance is to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) technology to safeguard public interests and pursue public values, these technologies inevitably cause new risks and challenges in practice. Existing literature has explored the risk patterns and governance pathways associated with the embedding of LGAIMs in social governance, focusing on the conflict between political values and instrumental values, as well as the balance between public authority and algorithmic power. However, the interactive relationship between LGAIMs, government organizational structures, and social governance orders has not been explored in depth. Furthermore, there has not been a precise analysis of the risk patterns and regulatory pathways, considering the typical empowerment scenarios of LGAIMs.
Drawing on the inter-construction theory of technology and organization, as well as technology and society, this study delves in the empowerment scenarios, risk patterns, and regulatory pathways of LGAIMs embedded into social governance. First, LGAIMs contribute to the construction of algorithmic decision-making systems in social governance, facilitating the shift from bureaucratic decision-making driven by human emotions to algorithmic rationality. However, this transformation faces challenges related to moral and responsibility judgments, necessitating a technology-for-good approach to guide the development of algorithmic decision-making models and intelligent systems in governance. Second, LGAIMs break the “information isolated island” phenomenon that often arises in traditional social governance, enabling effective cross-departmental and cross-level human-computer collaboration. Nonetheless, there is a risk of technological alienation, which makes it essential to ensure the primacy of human agency in social governance activities. Third, LGAIMs enable the scientific calculation of public service demands and accurate identification of social governance contradictions, advancing the precise matching of “supply and demand” in social governance. Nevertheless, this can also lead to the risk of social stereotyping and bias, making it essential to adhere to public value principles of fairness, justice, democracy, and equality. Fourth, LGAIMs support the construction of smart social governance scenarios characterized by virtual-physical symbiosis and human-computer interaction; however, there is a risk of undermining citizens' rights, necessitating the establishment of a multi-agent collaborative governance model focused on safeguarding civil rights.
This study expands the theoretical framework in two aspects. First, this study, based on the inter-construction theory of technology and organization, as well as technology and society, profoundly reveals the operational patterns of embedding LGAIMs into social governance. In particular, this study proposes a technology-for-good approach and a collaborative governance model to balance the conflict between political values and instrumental values during the inter-construction process between technology and organization. Similarly, this study advocates for humanistic principles and public value objectives to balance the tension between public authority and algorithmic power in the inter-construction of technology and society. Second, this study highlights key social governance scenarios, examining the empowerment effects, risk patterns, and regulatory pathways arising from the integration of LGAIMs. It further advances the contextualized study of embedding LGAIMs with social governance. This study provides policy recommendations for government agencies seeking to deploy LGAIMs in decision-making, strengthen interdepartmental collaboration, analyze and address governance contradictions, and optimize service provision. These recommendations include the formulation of target value orientations, the establishment of a risk regulatory framework, the development of an ethical system, and the promotion of a collaborative governance model.

Although the Qing Dynasty's legal system originated from the Ming Dynasty's legal system and had a high degree of similarity in legal texts, there were significant differences in the number and scale of annotations on the Ming and Qing dynasties' legal systems. Out of the 460 laws in the Da Ming Law, only 86 are accompanied by annotations, and the vast majority of annotations are explanatory annotations represented by the character “predicate”. However, the Shunzhi Code has almost every article with small annotations, which is by no means the volume that can be covered by the annotations in the Da Ming Law. Most of the Qing Code annotations are added separately from the annotations in the Da Ming Law. Therefore, it can be considered that the legislative policy of “detailed translation of the Ming Code” in the Qing Dynasty is mainly reflected in the annotations. This has also created an unprecedented function of “translation”. “Translation” is a unique function of Qing Code annotations and a characteristic of Qing Code annotations. Based on inheriting the experience of compiling legal dictionaries from previous dynasties, the addition of new annotations in the Qing Dynasty goes beyond the historical experience of legal annotations in the Tang and Ming dynasties, forming a very typical innovation.
The innovation of adding annotations to the Qing Code system is firstly reflected in the supplementation of grammatical structures such as content words, function words, conjunctions, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, as well as subjects, predicates, objects, attributives, adverbials, etc. Secondly, it clarifies the legal normative elements implied by the Ming Code, which includes reproducing various normative elements that have general provisions but are not explained in specific legal texts. This includes inferring the implicit normative elements based on the context of the legal text and reproducing them. Thirdly, it is reflected in the citation of other relevant legal provisions in the Qing Dynasty annotations to remind the applicable rules of the law. Finally, the Qing Code annotations expanded the scope of annotation to law names and examples, fully absorbed the essence of the Ming Dynasty's annotation laws, and treated the Qing Code laws and examples inherited from the Ming Dynasty equally as important objects of annotation. In addition, the explanatory and supplementary legislative annotations are more flexible in their annotation methods, and the annotation content is richer. It can be said that the Qing Code annotations are comprehensive and thorough annotations of the laws and codes. It can be said that the Laws of the Qing Dynasty is an excellent annotation book on the laws of the Ming Dynasty, which is a collection of the essence of a hundred schools of thought.
By supplementing the minimalist language style of the Ming Dynasty's legal texts and reproducing the various legal norms implied in them, the Qing Dynasty's legal texts inherited from the Ming Dynasty's legal texts have a higher degree of certainty. From a legislative perspective, they have become the culmination of the collection of legal texts. Compared to the proliferation of legal texts and examples, which have been criticized in historical books throughout history, the alternation of complexity and simplicity in the annotations of legal texts cannot be completely regarded as an alternation of advantages and disadvantages. The development from simple annotations in the Ming Dynasty to complex annotations in the Qing Dynasty precisely reflects the requirement of alternating between complex and simplified regulations in the formulation of legal classics, and adapting to the times. It demonstrates that ancient legislation made good use of interpretive means to ensure the stability of the law, and always strived to bring new vitality to ancient laws. The changes in the complexity and simplicity of legal annotations, in accordance with the times, ensure that the basic values of traditional Chinese law have remained unchanged for thousands of years. This is precisely the valuable experience of traditional legal formulation.

With the advent of the digital era, the financial industry, as a pioneer in technological application, is undergoing a profound digital transformation. This transformation not only involves traditional financial institutions moving their operations online but also encompasses new financial models and businesses created by digital technologies, such as Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and crowdfunding, which have altered the traditional intermediary model of finance. The application of digital technologies, particularly big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing, enables financial institutions to leverage broader data sources for more precise risk assessments, enhancing the inclusiveness and personalization levels of financial services. Financial digitalization and platformization have introduced a series of new risks, including data security and privacy risks, algorithmic risks, externalities, and systemic risks. These risks differ from traditional financial risks in terms of their mechanisms of emergence, breadth, and destructive power, far surpassing the levels in the pre-digital era. For example, digital technologies allow financial institutions to synthesize unprecedented financial assets or liabilities, potentially leading to new factors of financial instability. The impact of financial digitalization and platformization on traditional financial systems is significant. On one hand, the application of digital technologies disrupts the balance between market freedom and market regulation, undermining the objectives of traditional financial regulation. On the other hand, emerging financial models and businesses tend to be more opaque, making them difficult to regulate with conventional measures. Moreover, non-financial institutions and platforms that enter the financial sector often design business models to circumvent regulatory oversight, further complicating regulatory efforts. To address these challenges, a set of new approaches and measures for financial risk governance should be considered. Firstly, there is a need for a principle-based regulatory approach, including ensuring the realization of basic goals of financial regulation, implementing reflexive iterative regulation, and emphasizing functional regulation. Secondly, dynamic and flexible regulatory strategies should be adopted, such as window guidance and pilot projects. Finally, targeted regulatory measures should be developed, leveraging digital technologies to empower financial regulation and supervision. Financial digitalization and platformization have a profound impact on the financial industry, driving innovation in financial models and services while introducing new financial risks. To effectively manage these risks, financial risk governance systems need to be innovated to adapt to the challenges of the digital age. We can implement principle-based regulation, dynamic and flexible regulatory strategies, and targeted regulatory measures, to achieve a balance between financial innovation and risk prevention, ensuring financial stability while promoting the healthy development of the financial industry.

With the intensification of global climate change and the growing resource depletion, promoting energy system transformation and achieving the “dual carbon” goals have become crucial strategic objectives for China's development. New quality productive forces, as the product of the modern scientific and technological revolution, are the key driving forces for the transformation of the energy system. In recent years, while accelerating the construction of a modern energy system, China has further proposed the task of accelerating the construction of a new energy system to achieve a green, low-carbon transition and high-quality development of the energy system. However, in the process of constructing the new energy system, effectively cultivating and leveraging new quality productive forces, optimizing the energy supply-demand structure, and enhancing overall productivity remain significant challenges and uncertainties.
This study is based on the Marxist theory of productive forces and the concept of value chain division of labor. It systematically analyzes the development and characteristics of China's energy system and delves into the critical role of new quality productive forces in the transformation of the energy system. From four perspectives of the mechanism reform, supply-side, demand-side, and technology-side, this study comprehensively examines the barriers, safety hazards, and constraints of the three pillar industries: photovoltaics, wind power, and new energy vehicles, concerning key raw materials and core technologies. By analyzing the overall supply-demand relationship of the new energy system's industry chain, this study proposes a series of policy recommendations aimed at cultivating new quality productive forces and promoting the formation and development of the new energy system.
This paper expands on existing research in the following aspects. First, this study combines the Marxist theory of productive forces and the concept of value chain division of labor to systematically analyze the role of new quality productive forces in the transformation of the new energy system, thereby expanding the research perspective of energy economics. Second, through detailed data analysis, this study reveals the specific performance of the photovoltaic, wind power, and new energy vehicle industries in terms of production factor optimization, technological innovation, and resource integration, providing a scientific basis for policy formulation. Third, this study proposes a series of policy suggestions, such as implementing coordinated mechanism reforms, establishing efficient inter-regional corridors, accelerating the release of redundant capacity, and enhancing autonomy and control, providing clear guidance for governments and enterprises in the construction of the new energy system.
This study has significant theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, by introducing the concept of new quality productive forces, this study deepens the understanding of the driving mechanisms behind the transformation of the energy system and enriches the application of the Marxist theory of productive forces. Practically, the proposed policy suggestions provide concrete pathways for China to achieve its “dual carbon” goals and construct a high-quality new energy system. This study aims to offer theoretical support and policy advice for the construction and development of China's new energy system, promote energy technology innovation and industrial upgrading, and realize the strategic goal of green, low-carbon, and high-quality development.

China's intelligent vehicle chip industry has high external dependence, low localization rate, and insufficient high-end production capacity, and faces technology blockade, so its development faces innovation difficulties. The intelligent vehicle chip industry has a complex network structure and needs to rely on multi-knowledge and cross-network research to change the connection of knowledge elements and promote cross-border network embedding to break through the core technologies to achieve domestic substitution of “bottleneck” chips and large-scale production. However, at different stages of industrial development, enterprises face different goal orientations and resource constraints, so they need to dynamically configure the characteristics of knowledge elements and embed innovation elements in cross-border networks based on the changes of industrial development to achieve breakthrough innovation at each stage. Therefore, according to the internal logic of “factor-action-output”, the resource orchestration theory can reveal the mechanism and evolution of breakthrough innovation in the intelligent vehicle chip industry, and help to solve the innovation dilemma.
This paper adopts the multi-case study method to conduct in-depth interviews and coding analyses of 20 enterprises in the intelligent automobile chip industry. It is found that from the introduction period, growth period to maturity period, the intelligent vehicle chip industry corresponds to differentiated target orientation and resource constraints, dynamically allocates characteristics of knowledge elements and cross-border network embedding, and derives a three progressive innovation mechanism of “resource construction, resource bundling, and resource leveraging”, thus achieving breakthrough innovation of “R&D, product, and value” at each stage more efficiently.
This paper contributes to existing literature in three aspects. First, based on the resource orchestration theory, it combines the characteristics of knowledge elements with cross-border network embedding to build an integrated research framework. Second, it focuses on exploring the coupling mechanism and cross-process coordination mechanism in the process of resource orchestration, and studies the dynamic configuration of knowledge element characteristics and cross-border network embedding in the whole process under the differentiated goal orientation and resource constraints at different stages of industrial development, then realizing the differentiated dynamic mechanism of breakthrough innovation from a dynamic perspective. Third, existing studies focus on theoretical analysis and questionnaire research and a few use a single case study, while this paper adopts a multi-case method.
In theory, from the perspective of resource orchestration and industrial evolution, this paper enriches research on the mechanism and evolution of breakthrough innovation in the intelligent vehicle chip industry. In practice, it provides inspiration for accelerating the domestic substitution of “bottleneck” chips and promoting the independent innovation of China's intelligent vehicle chip industry.

The study of modern dialectology in Guangdong commenced in 1928, but yielded few results prior to the year of 1978. In 1985, Guangzhou and Hong Kong collaborated on the project of “A Survey of Dialects in the Pearl River Delta”, which resulted in the creation of a substantial corpus, of which corpus on the Cantonese dialects was then referenced for the map B13 of “Language Atlas of China” (1987), both of which represent significant contributions to the study of Guangdong dialectology following the reform-and-opening-up. The B13 map of the atlas, as well as the dialect maps in the book of “A Survey of Dialects in the Pearl River Delta: Vol. 3 A Synthetic Review”, compiled according to the results of the project, represent the inaugural steps in the field of geolinguistics in Guangdong.
The nourishment of the diverse dialects and cultures in Lingnan, as well as the abundant previous survey results of dialectology have contributed to the gradual development of geolinguistics in Guangdong. In contrast to dialectology, geolinguistics is a discipline based on linguistic data, highlighting the spatial attributes and the concepts of points, lines, and surfaces. Dialect maps can be broadly classified into two categories: dialect distribution maps and dialect feature maps. Map B13 of “Language Atlas of China” and dialect maps in the book of “A Survey of Dialects in the Pearl River Delta: Vol. 3” are the representations of the two types of maps respectively. Subsequently, a series of works have been published. “Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects” and “Language Atlas of China” (second edition) also make significant reference to the dialects of Guangdong. In the former atlas, 92 places in Guangdong were selected for dialect survey; while in the latter atlas, the dialect distribution of Guangdong is shown in the maps of B-16, B-17, B-18 and B-22, in addition to the map B2-1 “Dialects in Guangdong Province”. The breadth, depth and precision of the scholars' investigation and depiction of Cantonese dialects have also been enhanced in comparison with the 1987 edition of the atlas.
Since 2010, scholars from Guangdong have not only participated in or led a number of conferences on geolinguistics, but have also successfully applied for a number of high-level social science funding projects. In recent years, the publication of several eminent works has elevated the standard of geolinguistic research in Guangdong to a new level. Among these, the publication of the Atlas of Cantonese Dialects of Guangdong, which took nearly two decades to complete, not only pioneered the atlas of provincial dialects in mainland China, but also had a significant impact on several other aspects. Both the experience and the regrettable lessons are worthy of summary.
In the context of the new era, Guangdong geolinguistics is also confronted with new challenges. In terms of breadth, efforts must be made to extend the scope of investigation and research from powerful dialects (such as Cantonese) to other dialects (such as Hakka and northern Guangdong dialects). In terms of depth, it is necessary to consider how to innovate from the traditional pattern of map and shift from “static map” to “dynamic map” through the application of modern digital tools and techniques. Therefore, digital humanity is an excellent fit point to realize the vision. From a methodological perspective, the transition from a descriptive approach to an interpretive one should be taken, enabling the generation of theoretical insights.
This paper integrates, optimises and expands on the basis of the papers written by Zhang Zhenxing and the papers written by Gan Yu'en and Zeng Jiansheng, since on the one hand, there have been numerous developments both in the theory and in the practice of Guangdong geolinguistics in recent years. The rise of digital humanities has also brought about significant advances in this field, which have been duly addressed and reviewed in this paper. On the other hand, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution of geolinguistics in Guangdong, integrating insights from both theory and practice. It also incorporates recent developments to illustrate the emerging trends of “digitalisation” and “interpretive” approaches in the discipline. Furthermore, the paper incorporates further reflections from recent years, and to highlights the new direction in the new era of Guangdong geolinguistics.

With the shift of US global competition strategic focus to the east and the peaceful rise of China, the economic strategic competition between the two countries in the Asia-Pacific region has increased. This article aims to explore the factors influencing cross-border economic fluctuations among countries in the Asia-Pacific region, focusing particularly on variables such as consumption, per capita net income, exports, and imports. Additionally, the study examines the differential economic influence of the United States and China in the region, as well as their roles in promoting regional economic development.
The study employs a spatial econometric empirical model, specifically the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) under dynamic panel data, to conduct empirical estimation. Data from 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including major powers like the United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India, spanning from 2001 to 2020, are analyzed. Distance-based methods are utilized to define spatial weight matrices using straight-line distances between capitals, thereby controlling for the geographical distance's impact on cross-border economic effects. The research delves into the spatial effects of the economic strategic competition between the United States and China in the Asia-Pacific region.
Findings indicate that variables such as consumption, per capita net income, exports, and imports significantly influence cross-border economic fluctuations among Asia-Pacific countries. China's transnational influence in the region is notably stronger than that of the United States, particularly in trade where Chinese imports and exports exert a significant impact on regional economies. Moreover, the study reveals that China holds greater influence than the United States in fostering regional economic growth. These findings are crucial for formulating and adjusting regional economic policies aimed at promoting economic development. The research not only provides valuable data and insights but also contributes to academic progress in related fields, offering valuable information resources for scholarly exchange.
This research introduces a methodological innovation by utilizing spatial measurement models that are based on dynamic panel data. These models offer fresh perspectives and methodologies for examining the economic and political competitiveness between the two countries in the Asia-Pacific area. This model not only considers the causal impact effects of various economic factors within individual countries on their economic development but also focuses on the horizontal causal relationships between countries, assessing the magnitude of influence variables have on affected variables. Furthermore, in perspectives, the study moves beyond traditional research limitations that only focus on domestic economic factors or the transmission effects of trade cycles between countries, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the spatial effects of the economic strategic competition between the United States and China in the Asia-Pacific region.
The results of this paper are of important reference to the formulation and adjustment of regional economic policies to promote regional economic development, and the analysis of the impact of economic fluctuations in the Asia-Pacific countries provides a scientific basis for formulating related policies. Additionally, the differences found regarding the economic influence of China and the United States in the region are of significant value for understanding competition and cooperation between the two countries in the area, as well as for developing targeted policy measures.

China has over 130 minority languages and more than 10 minority scripts. These have preserved a wealth of ethnic language documents, including a large number of ancient manuscripts and modern printed documents. These records capture the long-standing civilization of the Chinese nation and the knowledge and practices of various ethnic groups in their production and daily life. The content covers a wide range of areas, including politics, economics, law, history, literature, art, religion, medicine, astronomy, and geography, reflecting the exchange, integration, and innovation of various ethnic cultures. Fully utilizing contemporary data science and artificial intelligence (AI) to innovate text recognition technology for minority language documents and achieving the digitization of massive amounts of literature is of great historical and cultural significance, and practical political significance. This effort is crucial for the scientific protection of Chinese minority language document resources and the inheritance of excellent Chinese traditional knowledge and cultural spirit.
Collecting and organizing minority language books, newspapers, and manuscripts for large-scale text recognition and digitization is a crucial source for building natural language processing (NLP) and AI datasets. The digitization of minority language documents involves two fundamental tasks: (1) compiling and cataloging various documents to create indexed data; and (2) performing optical character recognition (OCR) on the content of these documents to convert them into computer-processable text files. The recognition of minority language text is the prerequisite for the digitization of document content, while OCR text recognition is key to constructing large-scale corpora and knowledge text data in China's native languages. Efficient document OCR recognition technology has broad applications. It enables publishers to transition from passively receiving manuscripts to actively creating knowledge content, maximizing content production potential. Additionally, it facilitates the extraction of text data such as characters, words, sentences, and paragraphs from vast social language landscapes, addressing the issue of entity name corpora in NLP tasks. Through OCR technology, a large number of language examples and corpora in linguistic works can be automatically extracted and annotated. This enables the large-scale integration and utilization of discrete corpora in mixed-language documents of various minority languages and Chinese, driving a data-oriented shift in linguistic research in China.
The text recognition of minority language documents involves two key technologies: the accuracy of single-language recognition, and the differentiation and recognition of texts in documents with mixed scripts. Currently, the OCR technology in China performs well in recognizing documents in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur, Kazakh, Korean, and other languages, but it performs poorly at the application level in recognizing mixed-language documents. Therefore, the R&D of text recognition technology for minority language documents in China currently focuses on four main tasks: (1) Solving the text recognition of ancient documents in minority languages; (2) Addressing the recognition and extraction of mixed scripts involving multiple minority languages, the coexistence of Chinese characters and minority scripts, and various linguistic works in minority languages; (3) Advancing the OCR recognition and simultaneous digitization of single-language documents in minority languages; (4) Rapidly developing various tools and integrated platforms for the text recognition of minority language documents in China. To accomplish these tasks, interdisciplinary research that combines linguistics and contemporary AI science is necessary.

In the context of China's high-quality economic development and the urgent task of “bottleneck”, it is of great practical significance to quickly improve the innovation quality of enterprises. At this time, the domestic digital economy is rapidly flourishing, and the digital economy has become a new direction for today's economic development. Digital information has also become a new supply factor for enterprise innovation activities. So, whether the digital economy can effectively improve the innovation quality of enterprises and stimulate the innovation potential of the real economy has become an important topic worth exploring in current academic theoretical research and enterprise practice.
This study is based on the fact that China's digital economy is developing rapidly, and analyzes the promoting effect of the digital economy on the quality of enterprise innovation and the mechanism of its impact. Using micro level data from 2609 listed companies from 2010 to 2021, and drawing on research methods such as Bradley et al. (2016), Zhang Jie, and Zheng Wenping (2018) to construct innovation quality indicators, and drawing on the research methods of Zhao Tao et al. (2020) to construct development indicators for the digital economy in 236 prefecture level and above cities in China, this study examines how the development of the digital economy affects the innovation quality of enterprises. Research has found that the improvement of the digital economy level has an inverted U-shaped impact on the improvement of enterprise innovation quality, that is, the innovation quality improvement effect of the digital economy has a inhibitory effect after passing through a turning point. After changing the estimation model, replacing core regression variables, and addressing endogeneity issues, the estimation coefficients still maintain significant robustness. In the inverted U-shaped mechanism, the intensification of product market competition will promote enterprises to improve their innovation quality, and the digital economy will affect the innovation quality of enterprises through the U-shaped effect on product market competition; the narrowing of the gap in cutting-edge technology among enterprises can improve the quality of innovation, and the U-shaped effect of the digital economy on the gap in cutting-edge technology among enterprises is also an important component of its impact mechanism on the quality of innovation.
Previous literature has extensively studied the significant positive effects of the development of the digital economy on improving innovation quality, but little attention has been paid to whether the effects will exhibit a non-linear pattern. Additionally, there is a lack of exploration into the impact mechanisms based on product market competition and cutting-edge technology gaps, which are also the main contributions of this article. This study to some extent enriches the theoretical and empirical research on the innovation effects of the digital economy, and further reveals the inherent logic between the development of the digital economy and the improvement of enterprise innovation quality. This helps government departments to formulate more targeted policies and measures to support the innovative development of enterprises during the historical period of booming digital economy, providing positive reference and inspiration for the achievement of the goal of “created in China”.

Xi Jinping's important exposition on the “cultural leadership of the CPC” has provided a strong and solid theoretical guidance to cope with the changes of the times and the needs of development, and has an important cultural guiding role in the new era. This important exposition systematically summarizes the wisdom of cultural theory and Chinese practical experience in cultural construction, with the main goal of adhering to the people's position of Chinese culture, and highly condenses the ideological achievements with the distinctive characteristics of the times, marking the entry of the modernization of the Chineseization of Marxism into a new stage of development, and laying a profound cultural foundation for the development of the Chinese-style modernization road.
In this paper, we take Xi Jinping's important thesis on the cultural leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) as the object of study, and discuss in depth its background, theoretical generation, main connotations and great significance. The international situation today is complicated and volatile, globalization is constantly deepening, various trends of thought and culture are stirring each other, and competition in the field of culture is becoming more and more intense. To cope with the opportunities and challenges of the world's great change that has not occurred in a hundred years, it is necessary to build up the international influence and cultural leadership of Chinese culture. Therefore, this important thesis is an inevitable choice to safeguard national cultural and ideological security, ensure that the construction of a strong cultural country always adheres to the correct direction, and continuously satisfy the people's aspirations for a better life.
In the dimension of faith, adhering to Marxism as a guide is the fundamental guideline for mastering ideological leadership, as well as the cornerstone for adhering to Marxist beliefs and correctly grasping the direction of China's cultural advancement. In the dimension of political parties, it is of utmost importance to adhere to the overall leadership of the Party, which is the “master helmsman” in determining the direction of cultural advancement, and to attach importance to the high degree of unity between the Party and the people, which is an important cultural mission that manifests the value of “the people above all”. In the international dimension, adhering to the high degree of cultural self-confidence is the scientific guidance for promoting the construction of a strong cultural country and building a modern civilization of the Chinese nation, and enhancing the right of international discourse is the trend requirement for “telling a good story about China” and advancing the new form of human civilization. Meanwhile, in terms of theoretical contribution, this thesis reveals the inherent law of cultural leadership, realizes the innovation of cultural theory, and ushers in a new era of Marxism's doctrine of party building, cultural theory and world history theory. In terms of practical value, this thesis has guided literature and art into a new stage of development, emphasized the distinctive people-oriented nature of literature and art, and provided fundamental theoretical support for strengthening the Party's leadership of propaganda, ideological and cultural work. In terms of global significance, this thesis defends national political and cultural security, deepens the role of cultural self-confidence in highlighting national subjectivity, reverses the disadvantaged position of “the East” in the world's discourse leadership, and effectively shapes an international communication image with Chinese cultural recognition.
To sum up, General Secretary Xi Jinping's important exposition on the “cultural leadership of the CPC” is a new era of cultural theory innovation based on China's national conditions, which provides a powerful ideological guarantee for the Party's propaganda and ideological and cultural work, an important guideline for the cultural construction in the new era, and a spiritual impetus and public opinion support for China's international communication. It is of great and far-reaching significance as a revelation of the times for promoting the prosperity of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and building a new form of human civilization.

As one of the representative figures in the contemporary analysis of Marxism, Elster has used modern social science research methods such as methodological individualism and rational choice theory (game theory) to analyze Marxist political philosophy and establish a more reliable micro foundation for it.
Methodological individualism attaches great importance to the characteristics and functions of individuals and emphasizes that only by analyzing the micro-level components and mechanisms of society can we make scientific explanations of macro-level social phenomena. However, there are some problems with this kind of methodological individualism, for example, a collective may have different qualities than an individual due to its organizational structure. Elster regards the game theory as the best embodiment of rational choice theory and uses it to explain complex social phenomena. Game analysis aligns more with the reality of dynamic changes, adding new analytical tools to the Marxist theory. It should be noted that there are many irrational factors in society, so the results brought by rational choice and game analysis are often uncertain.
For Elster, Marx's critique of capitalism is based on three serious flaws: alienation, exploitation, and inefficiency. At the same time, Elster points out that the causes of capitalist problems have both generality and particularity, and the ills of capitalist society are not all caused by the capitalist system. Some of them are due to the nature of capitalist production, but some of them are due to the universal biological facts of mankind, and some of them are due to the inevitable problems in organizing production. It is a pragmatic approach to distinguish the problems caused by the capitalist system from the general problems existing in capitalist society.
Elster proposes a new definition of class by combining “assets” and “actions”. This definition helps to distinguish different classes within ruled groups or ruling groups, but there is no clear logical relationship between assets and behavior. Under the effect of individual psychological mechanisms, people with the same assets may not have the same behavior, and people with the same behavior may not come from the same assets. Elster recognizes the role of class struggle in promoting the development of human society, but points out that class struggle is not always dominant. State power has not only class character but also certain independence and public character. The bureaucrat group and the capitalists both try to maximize their interests, and there is a game between them.
Elster emphasizes the morality of Marxism and believes that Marx's expression of future communism contains two levels of value demands. The value appeal of the first level is distributive justice, and the value appeal of the second level is the free development and self-realization of human beings. In terms of the relationship between the two levels, the appeal of self-realization is higher than the appeal of distributive justice, which is the premise and guarantee of self-realization. Based on methodological individualism, rational choice, and game theory, Elster puts forward the view of local justice and expands the research horizon of distributive justice.

Grassroots governance in China is undergoing a period of drastic transformation, with the state shifting from passive intervention to active governance in rural areas, and the state is shifting from selective control over rural society to comprehensive governance. In this situation, the government has set multiple governance goals in rural areas, forming a multi-center work pattern at the grassroots. The multi-center work task places higher demands on the governance ability, especially the self-mobilization ability of grassroots governments. However, existing research on government mobilization systems and mechanisms is mainly applicable to normalized governance situations, such as single-center work tasks or limited-center work tasks, lacking necessary attention to township mobilization mechanisms in multi-center work task situations.
This article adopts a case study method, taking W Town in the central region as a typical case, focusing on exploring the internal mobilization and operational logic of resource-scarce townships widely existing in the central and western regions. In particular, it presents the practical mechanism of quantifying work task indicators as a way for township governments to mobilize township workers, in addition to serving as a system instrument for superiors to assess subordinates, enriching and promoting research on township governance.
This article finds that faced with the pressure of multi-center work, quantifying work indicators comprehensively is not only an important institutional instrument for superiors to assess subordinates but also an increasingly important means for township governments to achieve high-intensity mobilization of internal staff in townships. The comprehensive quantification of work indicators mainly manifests in the simultaneous quantification of results and processes for work indicators with quantifiable completion results, as well as the quantification of processes for work indicators with non-quantifiable completion results. Leveraging the computability, decomposability, and comparability of work tasks contained in quantitative work indicators, townships can fully activate mechanisms such as accountability, accounting supervision, and face-saving incentives to achieve high-intensity mobilization of township cadres and improve the efficiency of task execution. However, this mobilization method that relies on quantifying work task indicators brings difficulties such as excessive mobilization and operation of townships, and the breeding of formalism and suspension of grassroots political power. To solve this dilemma, it is necessary to change the multi-center work pattern of grassroots governments, maintain a simple state of grassroots governance, reduce the burden on grassroots governments, and give them a certain degree of autonomous governance space to enhance their social responsiveness.
This article contributes to existing literature in two aspects. First, it expands the governance context embedded in government mobilization, especially township government mobilization, by achieving a transition from single-center or limited-center work task scenarios to multi-center work task scenarios, taking into account the practical changes in China's rural governance context; Second, it deepens the understanding of the concept of “quantification of work indicators”, which means that “quantification of work indicators” is not only an institutional instrument for the superior government to assess and manage township governments but also an important way for township governments to mobilize township workers in all aspects when facing multi-task pressures. This article focuses on understanding the significance of quantifying work indicators in promoting township governance work from the perspective of mobilization.
This article reveals the logical manifestation of quantified work indicators as a mobilization method in township governance in the context of multi-center work tasks. It analyzes the potential governance risks of this mobilization method that heavily relies on quantified work indicators and proposes solutions, which will help national and local governments achieve the goal of modernizing rural governance.

Before the return of Hong Kong to China, the British Hong Kong government implemented education without state or ethnicity, using textbook narratives to propaganda the superiority of Western civilization to eliminate the cultural identity of Hong Kong people, suppress nationalist trends to prevent the outbreak of anti-imperialist movements, alienate Hong Kong people's national emotions to make them indifferent to their national identity, promote Western style democracy to dilute pre-return national education. In the era of patriots administering Hong Kong and governance to prosperity, Hong Kong's basic education will integrate the awareness of the Chinese nation's community into its curriculum and textbooks, focusing on Chinese language, Chinese history, citizenship and social development, and is committed to the overall reshaping of cultural identity, historical identity, and political identity. The reform of basic education in Hong Kong plays an important role in strengthening the awareness of the Chinese nation as a community: it is conducive to building a spiritual home for Hong Kong's young students to strengthen the awareness of the Chinese nation as a community, helping Hong Kong students resist various risks and challenges to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and strengthening interactions, exchanges and integrations in education sectors between Hong Kong and the mainland.

Based on Chinese practice and highlighting the China-oriented concept, many proposals and debates on the establishment of a “Chinese School” centering on various disciplinary, academic, discourse, and ideological systems have drawn much attention. Scholars of Chinese comparative literature advocated to establishing a “Chinese School” of comparative literature more than half a century ago. However, due to various historical reasons, this disciplinary ideal was criticized as “too hasty”, violating the disciplinary ideal of “international vision” and lacking innovative theories with Chinese characteristics after it was proposed, and did not become a consensus in the academia.
This article reviews the turmoils that the “Chinese School” of comparative literature has experienced since it was advocated, explores Chinese comparative literature scholars' understanding of the antithetic and dialectic relationship between “international vision” and “nationalism”, and evaluates the theoretical innovation of Chinese comparative literature in the 21st century. From these three perspectives, this article re-examines the opportunities and challenges of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature in the new historical context of the unprecedented profound changes in the early 21st century.
Firstly, comparing the past and the present, this article makes a new judgment on the timing of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature in the early 21st century. After decades of hard work after the initiative of establishing the “Chinese School” of comparative literature, and in the era when China greatly encourages theoretical innovation and academic prosperity, it is now the common expectation of the academia to re-propose the establishment of the “Chinese School” of comparative literature that can fully reflect Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. Secondly, by comparing Chinese and foreign scholars, this article finds that Chinese comparative literature scholars do not understand “international vision” and “nationalism” as two incompatible poles of binary opposition as French and American scholars do. While maintaining an international vision, Chinese scholars adhere to the idea of national culture and strive to promote the harmonious coexistence of the two. The concept of “diversity in harmony” can dispel the academia's worry that schools named after countries may impair “international vision”. Finally, this article takes “variation theory” and “imposed interpretation theory” as important evidence to prove that Chinese comparative literature scholars have made prominent achievements in the construction of comparative literature disciplinary theories and provided Chinese wisdom for international comparative literature research. This article concludes that to encourage Chinese comparative literature scholars to make greater contributions to the exchange and mutual learning among heterogeneous civilizations and the construction of cultural confidence in the Chinese nation in the new era, it is not a rehash to reiterate the disciplinary goal of establishing a “Chinese School” of comparative literature today, but a necessary initiative in the new social context.

Changes in the technological environment continuously give rise to new forms of capital that can be circulated and exchanged, driving differentiation dynamics within society. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced a qualitative leap in deep learning and data computing capabilities. Language models, video models, and intelligent education systems have proliferated. As the “fourth industrial revolution”-following steam technology, electrical technology, and information technology-AI has become deeply embedded in human social life, like any other transformative technology. It has not only propelled human society toward an intelligent meta-process but also introduced new trends in social differentiation and inequality, giving rise to a new “technological divide”.
In this context, this paper uses Bourdieu's capital theory as the analytical framework and uses multiple correspondence analysis to model the questionnaire information spatially. Then, it discusses the impact of new cultural capital on the distribution of traditional economic, cultural and social capital after it flows into the social space, and the potential relationships between them, aiming to reflect the new divide pattern under the impact of new cultural capital. To supplement the lack of information at the micro level of quantitative analysis and further analyze how the new “technological divide” is generated and intensified in daily life in the age of intelligence, this paper conducts interviews with actors who are separated on each side of the “technological divide” based on the spatial differentiation results obtained from multiple correspondence analysis, to explore the generative logic of the new “technological divide” in the age of intelligence.
The study finds that the new “technological divide” is generated in the complex combination of new capital and traditional capital. In terms of the generation path of the new “technological divide”, the “old age countdown” under the overlap of the old and new divides has caused the elderly to develop a coping posture of self-exile outside the age of intelligence, which, together with the “technological replacement” and “good-faith isolation” behaviors of the children, eliminates the space for intelligent feedback behavior. Additionally, under the limitation of limited time and energy resources, traditional social elites usually invest much time, energy, or money to maintain their existing capital advantages. This effort to preserve the superiority of conventional capital will instead constrain the development of its new cultural capital, providing an opportunity for the rise of a new elite group in the age of intelligence. In addition, the new “technological divide” further exacerbates the problem of gender inequality. Due to the misjudgment of the usefulness of “software cultural infrastructure”, and the combined influence of gender stereotypes and the characteristics of intelligent cultural literacy, the female often face structural exclusion in the process of converting intelligent cultural capital with traditional capital, which makes it more difficult for them to maintain or optimize social existence through continuous transformation between capitals. This paper introduces the media/technology perspective into Bourdieu's capital flow framework, revealing the trend of social differentiation and its generation logic under the new “technological divide” in the age of intelligence, which may help promote the interdisciplinary development of divide research in the age of intelligence.

The global trend of continuous decline in the share of labor income is very significant, and China has shown a phased change in the contribution of labor output, with the share of labor income first decreasing and then increasing. This not only goes against the typical characteristic of constant factor income share in the Kaldor paradigm, but also in the digital age, the development of the digital economy and the transformation of the substitution and complementarity relationship between capital and labor have made the changes in labor income share more complex. In this regard, how to effectively increase the scale of labor remuneration, its proportion in the initial distribution process, and optimize the income distribution structure of factors has become an urgent problem to be solved to promote the development of Chinese path to modernization, narrow the income gap between regions, and ultimately achieve common prosperity.
This article first constructs a general equilibrium model, and by discussing the impact of factor biased technological progress triggered by the digital economy on labor income share, it reveals whether the digital economy can trigger labor biased technological progress, which is the key to increasing labor income share; Furthermore, when distinguishing labor force heterogeneity based on skill differences, this article found that the digital economy can increase skill premiums and increase the overall share of labor income through the structural effects of labor skills. To verify the rationality of the theoretical model, this article uses tax survey data to measure the scale of enterprise digital capital, and summarizes it at the provincial level to obtain more direct indicators for measuring the level of digital economy development in provinces. A random coefficient model is used to estimate the contribution of labor output changes, and then empirically verify the impact of the digital economy on labor income share. Research has shown that the development of the digital economy has a positive promoting effect on the share of labor income, and the underlying reason for the overall decline in Chinese share of labor remuneration and the gradual transition from decline to increase is that the development of the digital economy has promoted the shift of technological progress from capital oriented to labor oriented.
Compared to existing literature, this article makes exploratory extensions in the following three aspects: firstly, it uses data mining to obtain the scale of digital capital at the enterprise levels and accumulated to provincial levels, which aims to use a more direct way to measure the level of digital development at the enterprise and provincial levels; Secondly, this article constructs a general equilibrium model and attempts to provide a consistent explanation for the phased changes in labor compensation share based on the direction of biased technological progress within a unified theoretical framework; Thirdly, this article uses a random coefficient model to estimate the time-varying output contributions of capital and labor in each province, and obtains new indicators to measure biased technological progress.
This study has provide some policy implications for expanding household income, optimizing regional resource allocation efficiency, and improving the market factor allocation system. When facing the impact caused by new productive forces, government needs to respect the objective conditions and material foundation of cities, find suitable paths for technological progress, develop new productive forces represented by the digital economy according to local conditions, and thereby improve labor income levels, achieving convergence towards higher per capita income levels in the region.

This study examines the important role of French audiovisual media in protecting the country's cultural interests and shaping its national image, especially the opportunities and challenges of France's foreign cultural communication in the context of the digital age. With globalization and the rapid development of information technology, digital media have become an important channel for national cultural communication. As a traditional cultural exporter, France's cultural policy and communication strategy have been adjusted and upgraded accordingly in the face of the digital revolution. Combined with the historical background and real conditions of France in cultural communication, this paper analyzes in depth its cultural communication mechanism and strategy in the digital age, providing reference for China's foreign cultural communication.
This paper reveals the effective strategies and practical effects of France's foreign cultural communication in the context of the digital age and explores its unique position and role in global cultural exchange. It summarizes France's experience and achievements in cultural communication by analyzing how it has revolutionized itself in terms of new positioning, new mechanism, new industry, and new system based on its history, international politics, and new technological revolution, thus promoting global cultural diversity and cross-cultural dialogue. The “French experience” has certain reference significance for the development of China's foreign audiovisual media, inspiring China to make use of the laws of communication in the digital age, carry forward the spirit of digital culture, promote the combination of cultural cooperation and media autonomy, strengthen the capacity of digital coordination, promote the combination of tangible and intangible communication, and set up a digital integration platform to promote the combination of collaboration and consistency.
The research methods of this paper mainly include literature analysis, case study, and comparative study. Firstly, through reading and sorting out relevant literature, this paper introduces the historical background and current situation of France's foreign cultural communication. Secondly, representative cases of France in cultural communication are selected for in-depth analysis to reveal its successful experience and existing problems. Finally, through the comparison with China's cultural communication strategy, this paper finds out the advantages and shortcomings of France's cultural communication in the digital age. During the research process, the combination of theory and practice is emphasized, with both macro-analysis of policies and strategies and micro-examination of specific implementation processes.
Through the above methods, this study mainly draws the following conclusions: first, France has significantly improved the quality and effect of its cultural communication in the digital age by integrating cultural resources and making use of new technologies; second, France actively promotes linguistic dissemination and cultural diversity and enhances its international influence by promoting the French language and culture through a variety of channels and platforms; third, France focuses on strengthening international cooperation to optimize the structure of the cultural market and emphasizes the combination of state guidance and market-led forces to promote intercultural dialogue and balanced cultural trade, achieving remarkable results. Overall, France's cultural communication strategy in the digital age is highly adaptive and innovative and has built an efficient digital integration and communication platform. The experience not only provides useful experience and inspiration for other countries but also provides a new reference paradigm for the development of global digital culture.
Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the future research direction and application prospects. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology and the deepening of globalization, foreign cultural communication will face more challenges and opportunities. The deepening of international cultural exchanges and the strengthening of intercultural dialogue will require more innovation and cooperation among countries at the policy and practice levels. The experience of France shows that it is only through continuous exploration and efforts that it can be invincible in the global cultural competition.

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs), as emerging digital assets based on blockchain technology, have rapidly attracted significant attention from both markets and investors since their inception. Despite the substantial scale of the NFT market, there are still numerous disputes and uncertainties regarding their legal definition and regulatory frameworks governing their transactions. Legislators and scholars worldwide have yet to reach a consensus on two fundamental questions: What exactly are NFTs? How should they be regulated? In this context, a clear and precise legal definition of NFTs is crucial for standardizing market behavior, protecting the legal rights of all parties involved in transactions, and mitigating potential legal risks. Moreover, establishing sound regulatory pathways is essential for fostering the healthy development of the NFT market, stimulating market vitality, and promoting technological innovation and broader application scenarios.
This paper aims to address these core issues by adopting a demand-oriented approach, focusing on qualitative research of legislation, policies, and cases to define what NFTs are and what rights are transferred through transactions. Additionally, this paper employs a quantitative analysis of industry reports and key indices to explore how NFT transactions should be regulated. The research process involves classifying mainstream international legal perspectives on NFTs and analyzing their applicability in different legal systems through specific case studies. Furthermore, the paper provides legislative recommendations for NFTs and digital collectibles tailored to the Chinese context.
Key innovative conclusions drawn from this study, compared to previous literature, include the following. Firstly, NFTs have the potential for diverse legal characterizations, encompassing digital property, digital identity, and decentralized financial products. Secondly, NFT transactions should aim to maximize the transfer of rights between buyers and sellers, rather than being limited to license transfers. Thirdly, platforms play an intermediary role in NFT transactions and are the primary entities responsible for consumer protection. Lastly, while Chinese digital collectibles and NFTs share common characteristics such as traceability, uniqueness, and collectible value, they differ in blockchain technology usage, transaction currencies, and liquidity.
Web 3.0 represents a clear trend towards decentralization in the development of the next generation of the Internet. As NFTs are poised to become a significant component of future online interactions, more proactive regulatory research and risk assessment are necessary. China's future policies and legislation should emphasize three main points. Firstly, legislation should allow for diverse interpretations of the legal attributes of NFTs and provide flexibility for future functional developments. This means recognizing NFTs' potential as digital property, digital identity, and financial products, each with different regulatory needs. Secondly, regulatory frameworks should ensure that NFT transactions maximize the transfer of rights between parties, avoiding the pitfalls of mere license transfers or limited streaming rights. By doing so, the legislation would provide a more robust legal foundation that supports both market growth and consumer protection. Lastly, there should be a concerted effort to strengthen platform liability mechanisms. Platforms should be designated as the primary responsible parties in ensuring consumer protection, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of these protections in practice. Platforms must implement clear service terms, safeguard against fraud, and ensure transparency in their operations. Overall, the strategic focus should be on fostering an environment that promotes innovation while safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders involved in NFT transactions. This balance will be crucial in leveraging the full potential of NFTs, driving economic growth, and positioning China as a leader in the global digital economy.

As a classic title of late poetry, “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty” is well known in academic circles, and a lot of research on Wang Pengyun, Zheng Wenzhuo, Zhu Zumou, and Kuang Zhouyi four masters has emerged. However, for the origin of the title, the academic circles lack an in-depth exploration and a diachronic and synchronic reflection. Although the title “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty” can reflect the appearance of late Ci science to a certain extent, the academic circles' excessive respect for this title is undoubtedly a kind of cover for the diversity of late Ci circles. In fact, there are still many key points about the generation and evolution of this title that are worth examining. Based on existing literature, this paper reveals a clue about the evolution of Ci in the late Qing Dynasty by combing the process of “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty”, which is helpful for a more comprehensive investigation of Ci history and Ci science in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
After carefully combing the relevant poems, postscripts, diaries, letters, local chronicles, and other documents, this paper finds that the formation process of the title of “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty” in the late Qing Dynasty actually has a very complicated background of the evolution of the pattern of Ci circles. The evolution of the title is closely related to the active period of the four masters in the Ci circle, which roughly presents the successive changes from “two masters” (Wang and Zheng) to “three masters” (Wang, Zheng, and Zhu), and then to “four masters” (Wang, Zheng, Zhu, and Kuang).
This paper attempts to expand existing research in the following aspects. First, there is no special article to comprehensively discuss the origin of the title “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty”. Based on existing literature, this paper expounds from perspectives of the north and south regions, the singing of Ci clubs, the communication of Ci writers, the selection and compilation of Ci, the concept of Ci school, the path of creation, etc., trying to restore the process of the title from “two masters” to “three masters”, and finally to “four masters”. Second, the current academic discussion on the “Four Ci Schools in the late Qing Dynasty” mainly focuses on the internal logic, but has not solved the key problem of where the title came from, that is, what is the theoretical origin and practical direction of its formation? In addition, there are many recent Ci circles, why the “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty” is only valued by the current Ci academic circle? In fact, the title “Four Ci Schools in Late Qing Dynasty” is based on the theory system of Changzhou Ci School, which is closely related to the concept of “Four Ci Schools of Song Dynasty” of Zhouji, and derived from the title of “Four Ci Schools of the Republic of China” and “Four Female Poets of the Republic of China”. These problems have not been fully paid attention to by academia. Third, one of the disputes in the history of Ci in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is that Long Yusheng added Wen Tingshi to the sequence of “four Ci schools”. The academic circle often tries to explain from the perspective of Ci school, which neglects and covers up Long Yusheng's Ci study purview and practical intention of reverting to Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and trying to reverse the recent obscure Ci style with bold and unconstrained sound. This paper clarifies Long Yusheng's intention of Ci study and reveals his intention of using the title “four masters” as Su and Xin. Fourth, this paper focuses on the possible dislocation between discourse construction and the truth of Ci history, as well as the misreading and obscuring. In fact, there are distinct stages in the classicization process of the four schools, which have not been paid attention to in previous studies. However, the current academic circle is used to framing the four schools with factions and overemphasizing the commonality of the four schools, which will cover up the distinct willingness of the four schools to break through the factions and the differences in the philosophy of Ci studies.
Through the diachronic and synchronic analysis of “Four Ci Schools in the Late Qing Dynasty”, we can not only analyze the formation process of the Ci system, but also help to examine the evolution of the recent Ci circles and Ci studies. The development of Ci history in the Qing Dynasty has many clues and multiple dimensions. Only by taking into account the discourse construction and the truth of Ci history can we restore the original appearance of the recent Ci circle to the greatest extent.

After the 2008 global financial crisis, countries have adopted macroprudential regulatory systems, aimed at preventing systemic financial risks and avoiding the transmission of operational risks from financial institutions to the broader financial system and the real economy. However, with the advent of the digital revolution, the financial industry has undergone profound transformations, with the application of digital technologies leading to new financial models, business operations, and market structures that pose significant challenges to traditional macroprudential frameworks. In the digital age, sources of systemic financial risk have shifted from conventional financial institutions to newer carriers such as digital technologies, fintech companies, digital platforms, and digital infrastructure, which can disseminate risks more widely across markets and society. As a result, existing macroprudential regulatory systems face comprehensive challenges, particularly in terms of monitoring, regulatory measures, resolution mechanisms, and the overall regulatory framework. To address these challenges, reforms should be considered in several areas. (1) Expansion of regulatory scope: In addition to traditional financial institutions, novel financial entities should be included within the regulatory scope. (2) Development of monitoring systems: New monitoring systems and technological tools need to be developed to better track and monitor potential systemic risks under conditions of financial digitalization. (3) Adjustment of regulatory measures: Regulatory measures and their implementation methods should be adjusted in response to changes in systemic risks. (4) Reform of resolution mechanisms and regulatory frameworks: Existing resolution mechanisms and regulatory frameworks should be reformed to better accommodate the realities of financial digitalization. These reforms aim to ensure that the regulatory environment remains effective and adaptive in the face of rapid technological change and evolving financial landscapes.

The study of overseas Chinese literature in China began in the late 1970s and has progressed from impressionistic criticism to poetical criticism. The renewal of this academic paradigm largely depends on the compilation and understanding of historical materials. It can be said that historical materials have always been crucial in the study of overseas Chinese literature, which display a rich sense of Chinese cultural community, manifesting the great confidence, appeal and vitality of Chinese culture. To harness the wisdom of Chinese people globally and unite the efforts of Chinese colleagues in this field domestically and internationally, it is necessary to establish a mature historiography of overseas Chinese literature, which has emerged as pivotal for advancing this discipline.
The compilation and research of overseas Chinese literature materials within Chinese academic circles started from that of Southeast Asian Chinese literature in the late 1970s. After the 1990s, with the scope expanded, some representative achievements were fulfilled. After entering the 21st century, there have been calls for the establishment of historical material discipline and many useful discussions.
To advance the current study of overseas Chinese literature, it is imperative to “resort to historical materials”, and reorganize and uncover them, transcending conventional notions. This entails re-evaluating, re-questioning, and re-theorizing materials to forge a fresh methodology grounded in historical materials to guide future research. Methodologically, we view materials as a crucial aspect, serving as a gateway to delve into the fabric of overseas Chinese literature. Reinterpreting through the tensions of materials-text, culture-history, and era-aesthetics, we emphasize “theory from historical materials”, fostering a research mindset rooted in positivism, historical materials, and critical analysis.
Without the maturity of historical materials, the pursuit of a mature discipline consciousness in world Chinese literature cannot be fully realized and the discipline cannot reach its full maturity. Systematically collating and conducting thematic research on the historical materials of overseas Chinese literature spanning the past 140 years, we establish a comprehensive context, outline its fundamental features, and paint a theoretical landscape. This endeavor not only rectifies past errors in literary research but also sparks novel academic avenues, enhancing the scholarly integrity and individuality of the research subject.
Given the cosmopolitan nature of overseas Chinese literature historical materials, it is necessary to open communication channels for the compilation and research in China and abroad to construct a trans-regional and macro study. It is critical to make full use of the cooperative relationship between the China World Association for Chinese Literatures and the associations of Chinese writers around the world, the World Chinese Writers Association and World Chinese Writers Federation, and the various communication channels between domestic academic circles and overseas research institutions. With the planning and coordination of the China World Association for Chinese Literatures, it has carried out various forms of communication and cooperation with academic institutions, literature and cultural groups, and historical material workers in many countries and regions.
The establishment of overseas Chinese literature historical materials represents a unique and essential prerequisite for the discipline's development, marking a significant milestone in its evolution and sophistication. It is the vital path to transcend marginalization and weakness, empowering overseas Chinese literature to flourish, expand, and excel.

The China Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), China Civil Code (CCC) and other laws do not regard the legitimate interests of personal information processors (or third parties) as an independent legal basis for the processing of personal information as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) does. This has led to some criticism and doubts: does this constitute a legislative loophole? How can the balance of interests between personal information processors (or third parties) and individuals be achieved under current Chinese law?
This article, by reviewing relevant EU legislation and incorporating the authoritative opinions of EU specialized working groups and foreign legal theories, examines the specific content and application methods of legitimate interests as a legal basis for personal information processing under EU law. It points out that this approach has significant drawbacks and cannot be directly transplanted into the PIPL. Moreover, upon examining Chinese law, it can be found that comprehensive and systematic application of the existing law is in fact sufficient to protect the legitimate interests of processors and third parties. It neither needs nor should introduce legitimate interests as an independent legal basis for personal information processing. It is right and reasonable that Article 13, Paragraph 1 of the PIPL does not include legitimate interests as an independent legal basis for personal information processing.
Specifically, on the one hand, from the Data Protection Directive to the GDPR, the scope of legitimate interests under EU law has always been too broad, and individual case circumstances and various factors need to be considered before application for interest balance test. Therefore, there is greater unpredictability and difficulty in interpretation and application, and it does not comply with the strict norms of Personal information processing and fully protecting personal information rights and interests in China. On the other hand, CCC, PIPL Cybersecurity Law and other Chinese laws already contain provisions that specifically protect the legitimate interests of processors and third parties in the personal information processing activities. For example, these provisions cover the processing of personal information necessary to fulfill legal obligations, the processing of personal information conducted in the public interest, and the processing of personal information necessary in emergencies to protect the life, health, and property safety of natural persons. As for situations that are not emergencies but are still necessary to protect the life, health, and property safety of processors or third parties-such as providing personal information for litigation or dispute resolution, processing personal information for debt collection, and processing personal information for marketing purposes-these can also be resolved one by one through relevant regulations. In addition, China law also has corresponding provisions on the hierarchy between the legitimate interests of the processor (or a third party) and the rights and interests of individuals. Therefore, legitimate interests should not be used as the legal basis for the processing of personal information under Chinese law.
This study, based on an analysis of foreign laws and a thorough understanding of domestic laws, reveals that while the EU and China share similar concerns in balancing the interests of processors (or third parties) and individuals, they have taken different technical approaches. This helps in scientifically viewing legal differences, promoting a full understanding and application of China's existing reasonable legal system, and advancing the development and improvement of the rule of law in personal information protection.

In recent years, digital technologies have been constantly updated and iterated, and neural technology products represented by brain-computer interfaces are moving from the laboratory to people's daily life. While improving people's life and enhancing human body function, neurotechnology products bring many legal risks and ethical crises. It is necessary to find reasonable legal regulation methods to avoid the risks while exploring the value of neural technology. However, most of the existing studies only focus on a single risk and do not put forward a systematic legal regulation scheme, do not find a balance between technological innovation and risk aversion, and cannot get out of the Collingridge dilemma faced by neural technologies. Only by finding the legal solution to solve the dilemma can we promote the healthy development of neural technologies.
We search and read relevant literature from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Duxiu database Wanfang database, and HeinOnline database, and relevant written judgments from the China Judgements Online and PKULAW database. We also carry out surveys in Internet companies and emerging neurotech companies, aiming to find the merits and demerits of the existing theoretical research results, understand the judgment principles of cases of judicial practice, and gain insight into the actual situation of technological development and legal needs. A comprehensive approach of comparative study, empirical study, and case study is adopted to find a Chinese solution to balance technological innovation and risk avoidance.
Citizens should be granted neural rights, including the rights to cognitive freedom, spiritual privacy, spiritual integrity and psychological continuity. As digital human rights, neural rights should contain the content of both public law rights and private law rights. However, traditional rights cannot fully include neural rights, highlighting the intergenerational gap between norms and emerging technologies. In this regard, the barriers between the digital society, physical society, and different legal departments should be penetrated, and the domain law of protecting neural rights should be shaped. At the level of private law, neural rights can be protected by reasonably explaining the general personality rights and applying specific personality rights similarly, and neural rights can be incorporated into the personality rights system in the civil code in the future. At the public law level, the government should fully fulfill the national obligation to protect neural rights, urge enterprises to fulfill the compliance obligations, and standardize the citizens' rational use of neural technology products. At the level of criminal law, data crime, information crime, and personal crime are connected to shape the crime system of protecting neural rights.
This paper mainly expands on previous research in the following two aspects. First, it is necessary to upgrade the neural rights to digital human rights, so that the neural rights are no longer limited to private law rights, but a comprehensive basic human rights including private law rights and public law rights. Second, we can expand the legal protection method of neural rights, adopt the penetrating protection mode, break down the barriers between physical space and digital space, play the front-end risk prevention regulation function of enterprise compliance, the middle-end behavior restraint function of administrative law, and the back-end outcome evaluation function of criminal law, shaping the systematic protection mechanism of neural rights. This paper reveals the national policy attitudes to the development of neural technology and brain-computer interface products, namely, to encourage innovation while avoiding risks, promoting Chinese science and technology enterprises “go out”, obtain the advantageous competitiveness of advanced technology and the international discourse power, and export the Chinese solution to control the neural technology risks to the international academic circles.

With the vigorous development of platforms and digital economies, Internet platforms have not only brought vitality to the economy but also posed serious challenges to the legal system, among which the issue of platform-based price discrimination is particularly the focus of the dispute. Existing discussions on platform price discrimination have focused heavily on data and algorithmic, neglecting the differences in pricing power allocation and the diversity of charging types in different transaction types within the platform as a two-sided market. This leads to an inability to answer in practice who the subjects implementing price discrimination are, the similarities and differences in price discrimination across different businesses, the impact of cross-network effects in different businesses on the effectiveness of price discrimination, and whether antitrust law should take a unitary or pluralistic adjustment path for price discrimination.
In the context of platform pricing practices, a precise understanding of platform-based price discrimination necessitates a clear categorization of platform businesses into five distinct types: information aggregation, online advertising, transaction matching, intermediary self-operation, and others. Then, this paper identifies corresponding price discrimination behaviors for each category based on specific transactions and fee structures: price discrimination for platform subscriptions/membership fees, price discrimination for advertising fees, price discrimination for commission ratios, price discrimination for product/service fees, and price discrimination for additional charges.
From a legal regulation perspective, the intricate nature of price discrimination practices requires more than mere adjustments for isolated monopolistic actions, as this approach often leads to inadequate oversight. It is essential to analyze various monopolistic behaviors pertinent to antitrust law, including differential treatment, unfair pricing, and predatory pricing, about different pricing types. When assessing these behaviors, the cross-network effects across diverse platform businesses must be evaluated for their overall impact on consumer welfare. This approach aims to ensure a thorough initial assessment of monopolistic conduct while preventing overreach in evaluating the potential harm caused.
In practice, it is necessary to pay close attention to the following behaviors by platforms with market dominance: (1) the potential predatory pricing issues caused by market capture through subsidies or red packets followed by price increases; (2) the potential unfair high pricing issues caused by excessively high commission ratios. Given the complexity of platform price discrimination, the assessment of competitive harm in individual cases should be based on economic analysis, combining the different revenue structures of specific platforms to comprehensively analyze the impact of multiple interconnected businesses on costs, prices, and consumer welfare, avoiding harm inference, and refining and improving the provisions for legitimate reasons to prevent excessive deterrence.

For a long time, research on legal rules in China's legal community has focused on the description of the constituent elements, forming a logical structure theory of legal rules dominated by the “two-element theory”, that is, legal rules are composed of two parts: behavioral patterns and legal consequences. This theory, through a modular approach, can effectively describe the constituent elements of legal rules, thereby simplifying the understanding of legal rules. However, the determination of behavior patterns by legislators and their connection with legal consequences to construct legal rules reflects not only the evaluation of conflicts of interest but also their ideal of how to organize social order. Therefore, there is insufficient attention to the question of whether the thinking process of legislators constructing legal rules implies the general rules of evaluating interests.
What decision-making rules do legislators follow when constructing legal rules? Is it legitimate? Will there be any changes? The reflection on fundamental issues such as legal rules is referred to as the proposition of “legislative logic of legal rules” in this article. With the continuous deepening of traditional legal studies towards scientific and refined direction driven by domestic and foreign research in law economics, it is feasible to construct the concise theory of extracting and interpreting the legislative logic of legal rules in a general sense. This article, with the help of the research results of the logical composition theory of legal rules, adopts the research 2perspective and methods of law economics and focuses on exploring the benefit evaluation rules contained in the activities of legislators to determine their behavior patterns. Firstly, at the micro level, it analyzes the characteristics and underlying principles of legislative activities in assigning obligations to affected parties. Secondly, it demonstrates why this principle can obtain unanimous consent from the affected parties. Finally, it verifies whether this principle has universal guiding significance for legislative activities at different social stages.
Compared with existing literature, this article starts with the establishment of behavioral patterns, analyzes the basic logic that governs the thinking activities of legislators in constructing legal rules, and examines its legitimacy. After examining its “phase transition”, it is found that the “Pareto efficiency” standard is the true logic that legislators follow in constructing legal rules, which distributes the burden of preventing accidents to the subjects with lower prevention costs in the group. In the long run, those who suffer losses can receive sufficient advance compensation due to equal opportunities, so that the change not only obtains the unanimous consent of the affected but also has the character of distributive justice, ultimately improving the overall social welfare.
The theoretical extension of understanding legal rules as one of the core categories of law in this study is in the following aspects. Firstly, the underlying governing logic of the thinking activity of legislating to determine behavioral patterns and connecting them with legal consequences to construct legal rules follows the “Pareto efficiency” standard of interest transformation. Secondly, the “Two elements theory”, as a logical structure theory of legal rules, is descriptive and flat, while the “Pareto efficiency”, as a legislative logic theory of legal rules, is explanatory and three-dimensional. The progression from “description” to “explanation” and from “flat” to “three-dimensional” is the evolution of cognitive legal rules. Thirdly, with the continuous reduction of information acquisition costs driven by scientific and technological progress, the constituent elements of legal rules have undergone “phase transitions” in different historical periods. However, the decision-making logic of legislators establishing behavior patterns through interest evaluation always follows the “Pareto efficiency” standard. This logic always follows the principle of “responding to changes with the unchanging”, dominating the pursuit of human institutional civilization.

As a kind of objective technical proposition in the field of food, food safety risk has been abstracted from the level of social facts to the concept of positive definite law at the level of normative facts. Food safety risk monitoring has become a normative significance proposition that is comprehensively stipulated by various special normative documents. Food safety risk monitoring plan is the compiled preset work content and action steps, focusing on the collection, analysis, and notification of food safety risk data information. The decision-making matters of food safety risk monitoring plan are often carried out in the process of planning and decision-making of government functional departments that implement and promote food safety risk monitoring. The timeliness, scientificity, and implementation efficiency of the food safety risk monitoring plan decision-making are often restricted by the organizational agency framework of relevant functional government departments. It is necessary to provide systematic constraints and safeguards on their institutional capacity around the allocation of power and responsibility matters and the exercise of power matters of relevant functional government departments from the perspective of organization norms construction.
On the one hand, we should set its power and responsibility configuration norms by focusing on the exclusive power and responsibility and common power and responsibility, to highlight the different decision-making designs and diversified decision-making considerations of corresponding functional government departments in this kind of decision-making process. The exclusive power and responsibility matters should be concretely carried out mainly around the logical connection, role boundary, and differentiated structural content of the national food safety risk monitoring plan, regional food safety risk monitoring plan (or scheme), and departmental food safety risk monitoring plan. The relevant provisions aim to follow the differential decision-making orientation to clarify the specific power and responsibility configuration matters of different dominant decision-making or collaborative decision-making functional departments. The common power and responsibility matters should be concretely carried out mainly around boundary setting and operation standard setting of various functional departments in different common power and responsibility matters. The relevant provisions aim to strengthen the power integration effect of the dominant decision-making or collaborative decision-making functional departments involved, thus following the diversified decision-making orientation to clarify the power and responsibility configuration matters of collaborative decision-making in different departments.
On the other hand, we should set its exercising authority norms by focusing on the monitoring plan setting and monitoring information transmission, to clarify the orientation of internal decision-making and integration of external decision-making of corresponding functional departments in this kind of decision-making process. The orientation of internal decision-making of this kind of plan-setting norms aims to ensure the scientificity of the monitoring plan drawn up by the various monitoring plan decision-making functional departments, and should rationally orientate the internal decision-making elements of monitoring plan setting. It is necessary to combine the factual situation of food safety risks at different planning levels and regions to make judicious decisions by focusing on internal decision-making elements such as setting principles, infrastructure, and main content. The integration of external decision-making of this kind of information transmission norms aims to ensure the effectiveness of monitoring plans formulated by various monitoring plan decision-making functional departments, and should actively integrate the external decision-making elements of monitoring information transmission. It is necessary to stand on the food safety risk monitoring results that highlight objectivity and authenticity to make an orderly decision based on the sharing and cooperation of external decision-making elements such as information transmission areas, levels, and departments.
Finally, it tries to clarify the feasible normative paths to realize efficient decision-making based on the synergistic duty performance in the composite decision dimension and driven by the decision-making factors. Through the typed deconstruction of the organizational decision-making normative matters of the food safety risk monitoring plan, it can provide the necessary organizational structure guidance for the regulation strategy in the follow-up monitoring plan implementation process.

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (hereinafter referred to as the Greater Bay Area), as a major development strategy in the new stage of development, is of great significance for innovation-driven development, achieving high-level opening up, and building a great modern socialist country. Meanwhile, industrial parks are important platforms for improving regional technological levels, accelerating the new quality productive forces, and achieving high-quality economic development. Therefore, at the new stage, it is of great practical significance to analyze the current situation and prominent problems of industrial parks in the Greater Bay Area and propose effective countermeasures.
This article conducts a systematic study on the development quality of industrial parks in the Greater Bay Area, based on the five development concepts of “innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing”. Specifically, the quality of industrial parks is demonstrated from the aspects of innovative development, industrial synergy, green and low-carbon, open circulation, and business services. Results of this article suggest that the development quality of industrial parks in the Greater Bay Area continues to improve through advanced policy planning and optimization of innovative institutional mechanisms. The R&D investment of enterprises continues to increase and their innovation capabilities have significantly improved. The agglomeration effect of industries is becoming increasingly prominent and the ability for coordinated development is continuously strengthened. The ability to control pollution is steadily improving, and the effectiveness of green development is constantly showing. High-level opening up continues to advance and cross-border trade is becoming increasingly prosperous. The level of business services continues to improve and the cooperation in industrial parks is booming. However, there are some prominent problems, such as the lack of sound institutional mechanisms in some parks, insufficient and unbalanced innovative elements, lack of overall coordination and guidance in industrial clusters, urgent optimization of ecological environment management mechanisms, multiple challenges faced by cross-border business development, and insufficient construction of service platforms.
The contribution of this paper lies in that there have been relatively more studies on high-tech industrial parks and industrial clusters, but there are still relatively few achievements about the high-quality development status of industrial parks in the Greater Bay Area. As an important area for China to promote reform, opening up, and modernization, the Greater Bay Area has developed industrial parks. It is necessary to fully summarize and analyze the current development status and problems of industrial parks in the region. This article helps to seize the significant opportunity of creating a high-quality development model in the Greater Bay Area.
Based on the connotation of the new development concept, this article analyzes the current development status of industrial parks in the Greater Bay Area, providing policy inspirations for improving development efficiency in the Greater Bay Area. At a theoretical level, this is conducive to promoting industrial cooperation, cultural exchange, and factor flow among the three regions, and improving the development quality. At a practical level, this is an inevitable choice for building a unified national market, promoting regional coordinated development, and building a new development pattern.

The Genealogy of Media Thinking project is the result of conversations Zielinski has had with various media thinkers and scholars since 2013. In this project, Zielinski, through dialogue and communication with 17 media scholars, including Friedrich Knilly, Hans Bertin, Boris Groys, and Wolfgang Ernst, considers how various kinds of thinking about media are formed.
In Preface to the Chinese Version of Genealogy of Media Thinking, Zielinski especially emphasizes the diachronic and synchronic nature of media thinking and how media thinking operates in the “connection” between diachronic and synchronic nature. In Zielinski's view, it is necessary to explore the “deep time” of audiovisual technology from a diachronic perspective. However, the history of media development is not a linear history but a multi-level and interpenetrating history. In this case, it is crucial to use lateral thinking to re-understand the media from a synchronic perspective. It is under the guidance of lateral thinking that people can find the origin point of the same medium in different disciplines and places at the same time. Zielinski believes that the diachronic and synchronic aspects of media thinking are not unrelated, but operate in “connections”, and it is in this connection that heterogeneous, different, and separate knowledge can be connected and form some lineage of media knowledge.
Genealogy is Zielinski's most important research method for media archaeology. However, from works such as Media Archaeology and Time Machine, the core ideas of Zielinski's media archaeology have undergone many changes. He proposes concepts such as “prospective archaeology” and even “archaeology of the moment”, turning his gaze from the “past” to the “future”. Both “immediate archaeology” and “prospective archaeology” try to find the “future world” in the old or existing things, and such media archaeology has a strong utopian tendency.
Zielinski is quite dissatisfied with the media studies of European and American logosism. He emphasizes the diversity of modernity and proposes the importance of shifting media studies to the “Global South”. However, due to the knowledge background and educational environment, it is still difficult for Zielinski to completely get rid of the media thinking of Eurocentrism. In addition, it is worth noting that in the study of the spectrum of media thinking, Zielinski especially emphasizes the importance of “media imagination”, and encourages people to boldly cross the boundaries, break the rules, and obtain the ability to grasp the reality and the future with new imagination.
“Power” is a keyword in Foucault's research on the archaeology of knowledge and genealogy. Through the media archaeology of genealogy, Foucault hopes to explore the reasons and criteria for the formation of certain knowledge discourses as well as the power relations and structures surrounding these knowledge discourses. However, when Zielinski discusses media thinking and media archaeology with the help of Foucault's genealogy theory, his focus is the correlation between different media, but he does not pay enough attention to the power behind the development of different media. Therefore, while applying Zielinski's media thinking theory to expand the boundaries of media studies, we need to know more about the decisive role of political, economic, and cultural power behind media thinking.

With the rapid development of Internet technology, human society has entered the era of data explosion, and production and life have been inseparable from information and data. Therefore, strengthening data security is related to the overall interests of individuals and national development. The Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China provides basic legal support and protection for China's data security, marking the transformation of China's data security protection from policy requirements to rigid legal norms, thus strengthening the normative effect of data security protection. However, the uncertain legal concepts in the Data Security Law affect the identification of legal facts in the implementation of the law, causing obstacles to the implementation and application of the law, but the uncertain legal concepts cannot be avoided by any law, and they provide discretion space for the implementation of the law, enhancing flexibility and adaptability.
Through the normative analysis of the uncertain legal concepts in the Data Security Law, this paper interprets the concrete manifestation of the uncertain legal concepts, and then explores the concrete regulation path of the uncertain legal concepts. In addition to the limitations of the law, the Data Security Law cannot avoid the application of uncertain legal concepts, which have to be applied due to uncertain factors such as digital development practices, digital rights, and enforcement practices. The uncertain legal concepts in the Data Security Law are quantitatively concentrated in Chapter Ⅵ: legal liability, Chapter Ⅳ: data security protection obligations, Chapter Ⅰ: general provisions, and Chapter Ⅲ: data security system, which can be divided into three types of units from the perspective of the type of content, scope and degree, and mainly concentrated in the distribution of provisions, such as guiding clauses, mandatory clauses and oath clauses. Although the uncertain legal concepts cannot be completely negated, they do weaken the normative effect of the Data Security Law in safeguarding national data security in practice. Too much discretionary space for administrative law enforcement damages the objectivity and stability of the protection of the rights and interests of relevant subjects, and it is difficult for social subjects to form future expectations of data development, thus restricting their enthusiasm and creativity. Therefore, it is urgent to eliminate the adverse effects of uncertain legal concepts. We should formulate discretionary benchmarks to regulate law enforcement behaviors from subjective cognition, means, motives, consequences, and other specific aspects. Additionally, we should carry out internal relief of rights and interests through administrative reconsideration, strengthen external supervision through judicial review, and construct a regulatory chain of uncertain legal concepts.
Compared with previous literature, this paper expands the following research ideas: (1) It categorizes the specific manifestations of uncertain legal concepts and clarifies the specific application conditions, providing corresponding solutions and ideas for solving the fuzzy influence of uncertain legal concepts. (2) Based on dialectical thinking, this paper explains the legitimacy of uncertain legal concepts and proposes that only the capricious and arbitrary norms caused by uncertain legal concepts should be regulated, and the key points of the problem should be identified and solved.
This paper objectively and directly presents the specific application form of uncertain legal concepts in the Data Security Law, which is helpful to concretely and categorically analyze the practical impact of uncertain legal concepts, providing ideas and references for the specific application of regulatory uncertain legal concepts in practice.